ch 2

Question 1

atom definition

Answer 1

the smallest individual complete unit of matter

Question 2

element

Answer 2

matter made of only one type of atom

Question 3

types of pure substances

Answer 3

elements
compounds

Question 4

types of mixtures

Answer 4

homogenous
heterogenous

Question 5

two categories of matter

Answer 5

pure substances
mixtures

Question 6

types of compounds

Answer 6

ionic
covalent
organic
acids and bases

Question 7

t or f : every compound is a pure substance

Answer 7

true

Question 8

t or f: every compound contains two or more elements

Answer 8

true

Question 9

t or f: every mixture contains two or more compounds

Answer 9

false

Question 10

t or f: every pure substance is a compound

Answer 10

false

Question 11

law of conservation of mass

Answer 11

The total mass of materials present after a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass present before the reaction. In other words, the number of atoms in the reactants must be equal to the number of atoms in the products.

Question 12

law of definite proportions

Answer 12

Any given compound is composed of definite, constant proportions by mass of its elements.

Question 13

law of constant composition

Answer 13

In a given compound, the relative numbers and kinds of atoms are constant

Question 14

law of multiple proportions

Answer 14

If two elements (A & B) combine to form more than one compound, the elements must combine in ratios relative to the masses of individual A and B elements

Question 15

JJ thompson experiment and discovery

Answer 15

discovery of the electron through the cathode ray experiment

Question 16

robert millikan experiment

Answer 16

discovery of the charge of an electron through the oil drop experiment

Question 17

dalton’s model of the atom consisted of

Answer 17

an indivisible sphere

Question 18

thomson’s plum pudding model consisted of

Answer 18

negatively charged electrons suspended in a larger sphere of positive charge

Question 19

ernest rutherford experiment and discovery

Answer 19

discovery of the basic model of the atom through the gold foil experiment

Question 20

weighted average

Answer 20

sum of (% abundance in decimal form)(isotopic mass)

Question 21

mass number

Answer 21

of protons and neutrons (not on the periodic table)

Question 22

average atomic mass

Answer 22

weighted average mass of all isotopes of an element based on the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- value on the periodic table

Question 23

nonmetals location of periodic table

Answer 23

to the right of the staircase

Question 24

properties of metals

Answer 24

Solids at room temperature (except for Hg)
Shiny
Malleable
Ductile
Conduct heat and electricity well
Lose electrons to become cations
Participate in ionic and metallic bonding

Question 25

properties of non metals

Answer 25

Many are gases at room temperature (some solids and liquids) Solids are brittle Conduct heat poorly Conduct electricity poorly Gain electrons to become anions Participate in ionic and covalent bonding

Question 26

elements in a group have

Answer 26

similar properties and trends

Question 27

alkali metal properties

Answer 27

- soft - metallic - found only in compounds - typical metallic properties - low density - low melting point - low ionization energy

Question 28

alkali metals react with water ____ and are even ___ reactive

Answer 28

violently; air

Question 29

alkaline earth metals properties

Answer 29

- less air and water reactive -

Question 30

reactivity tends to increase in what direction across the periodic table

Answer 30

down a group

Question 31

alkaline earth metals have higher ___ and __ ___ than alkali metals

Answer 31

densities; melting points

Question 32

chalcogens

Answer 32

group 6 (O, S, Se...)

Question 33

halogens are typical ...

Answer 33

nonmetals

Question 34

halogen properties

Answer 34

highly negative electron affinities - exist as anions in nature

Question 35

halogens react directly with ... to form ...

Answer 35

metals; metal halides

Question 36

noble gas properties

Answer 36

colorless, odorless, mostly inert large ionization energy positive electron affinity found as monoatomic gases

Question 37

ionic compound building block

Answer 37

formula unit

Question 38

covalent molecule building block

Answer 38

molecule

Question 39

acids are made of

Answer 39

non-metals, one of which is hydrogen

Question 40

diatomic elements

Answer 40

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 (BrINClHOF) (makes the number 7 on the periodic table

Question 41

naming binary covalent compounds

Answer 41

- name first nonmetal as elemental name - add a prefix only if there is more than one - name second non metal replacing the ending with -ide - always use a prefix

Question 42

alkane skeletal formula

Answer 42

CxH2x+2

Question 43

organic prefixes 1-4

Answer 43

meth, eth, prop, but

Question 44

constitutional/structural isomers

Answer 44

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different atomic connectivity

Question 45

ionic compound structure

Answer 45

3D lattice metal and nonmetal

Question 46

in ionic compounds, metals will always form ____ while nonmetals will always form ____

Answer 46

cations; anions

Question 47

zinc charge

Answer 47

2+

Question 48

Ag charge

Answer 48

1+

Question 49

Cd charge

Answer 49

2+

Question 50

which non-transition metals must always have roman numerals written next to them

Answer 50

Pb and Sn

Question 51

nitrate

Answer 51

NO3 -

Question 52

nitrite

Answer 52

NO2 -

Question 53

sulfate

Answer 53

SO4 -2

Question 54

sulfite

Answer 54

SO3 -2

Question 55

phosphate

Answer 55

PO4 -3

Question 56

carbonate

Answer 56

CO3 -2

Question 57

perchlorate

Answer 57

ClO4 -

Question 58

ammonium

Answer 58

NH4+

Question 59

hydroxide

Answer 59

OH-

Question 60

cyanide

Answer 60

CN-

Question 61

permanganate

Answer 61

MnO4 -

Question 62

acetate

Answer 62

CH3COO- or C2H3O2-

Question 63

chromate

Answer 63

CrO4 -2

Question 64

dichromate

Answer 64

Cr2O7 -2

Question 65

binary acids naming (protons and an element)

Answer 65

- "hydro" for the hydrogen - replace ending of nonmetal with "ic" - add acid

Question 66

oxyacid (protons and a polyatomic ion) naming

Answer 66

- say polyatomic ion name - if it ends in -ate replace with -ic - if it ends in -ite replace with -ous - add acid