Ch 2 Flashcards
what are the Big Three of Learning?
- event-alone learning -> habituation and sensitization
- event-event learning -> classical
- behavior-event learning -> operant
what is habituation?
animal decreases responding to a repeated event
what is sensitization?
animal increases responding to a repeated event
classical conditioning
- relations between events become predictive
- unlearned behaviors become associated with previously neutral stimuli
operant conditioning
- new behaviors can be formed -> goal-directed behaviors
elicited behaviors
- occurs in response to environmental stimuli
-> pupils constrict when exposed to bright light
-> food in mouth = salivation
what are examples of elicited behavior?
reflex arcs
modal action patterns
behavioral sequences
what is the adaptive value of elicited behavior?
can contribute to survival and well-being
what are examples of adaptive value of elicited behavior?
- eye blink reflex -> optometry appt pairs an image with puff of air
- withdrawal reflex -> pull back
- gag reflex -> clear the airway by gagging
- orientation toward stimulation in infants -> suckling behavior
- respiratory-occlusion reflex in infants -> babies push blanket off their face down towards stomach to breathe again
what are modal action patterns?
- species-typical response patterns or instincts genetically programmed
- sequence of behaviors -> stereotyped behaviors for reproduction and feeding
- fitness-related tasks/events
what are examples of MAP?
egg-rolling in geese -> behaviors still occur even if eggs are taken away
pecking response in gulls -> chicks peck when there is a red dot to get adults to drop food for them, the redder the stimuli the more intense the pecking
egg retrieval in gulls-> more vigorous retrieval if larger, green, specked
aggression in sticklebacks-> males are aggressive and territorial to attract F and default to aggression to chase them off
sign stimulus
- releasing stimulus
- features necessary to elicit the response
-> find the trigger by removing features one by one
supernormal stimulus
exaggerated sign stimulus that elicits more vigorous response
what are maladaptive MAPs?
- sticklebacks are aggressive to non-fish stimuli -> waste of energy
- extreme stress response -> interferes with day to day activities
which animal exploits MAPs?
cuckoos -> opportunistic brood parasites
- lay eggs in other species nests for them to take care of and can even take care of others but not their own bc they think its their eggs but its the cuckoos
