ch 2

Question 1

solid

Answer 1

definite shape and volume

Question 2

liquid

Answer 2

definite volume, changeable shape

Question 3

gas

Answer 3

changeable shape and volume

Question 4

96% of body weight results from what elements?

Answer 4

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

Question 5

which elements make up 3.9% of the body?

Answer 5

phosphorus
sulfur
magnesium
potassium
sodium
iodine
calcium
chlorine
iron

Question 6

Trace elements

Answer 6

required in minute amounts

found as part of enzymes

Question 7

Atomic mass unit of protons neutrons and electrons

Answer 7

protons= 1 amu
neutrons= 1 amu
electrons= 1/2000 amu

Question 8

why are atoms electrically neutral

Answer 8

because #p= #e

Question 9

mass #

Answer 9

p & n

Question 10

atomic weight

Answer 10

average of mass #s of all isotopes

Question 11

isotope

Answer 11

atoms with same #p but different #n

Question 12

whats the octet rule

Answer 12

except for 1st shell (which is full with 2e) atoms interact to have 8 valence e

Question 13

what do ionic compunds form

Answer 13

crystals instead of individual molecules. ex: NaCl (sodium chloride)

Question 14

what do covalent bonds produce

Answer 14

molecules.

• single covalent bond: share pair of e. (H-H)
• double covalent bond: share 2 pairs of e. (O=C=O)

Question 15

hydrogen bonds

Answer 15

• alone they’re too weak to bind atoms together, however, when combined theyr’e very strong
• surface tension in H2O
• intramolecular bonds (gives molecule 3-D shape)

Question 16

dissociation

Answer 16

separation of ions in ionic compound by polar water molecules

• dissociated ions: electrolytes
• nonelectrolytes: molecules don’t associate in water

Question 17

dehydration reaction

Answer 17

synthesis; water is a product

Question 18

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 18

decomposition; uses water

Question 19

definition of energy

Answer 19

capacity to do work (put matter into motion)

Question 20

types of energy

Answer 20

potential, kinetic, mechanical, chemical, electrical, radiant or electromagnetic

Question 21

What factors influence the rate of chemical reactions

Answer 21

concentration
temperature
catalysts
particle size

Question 22

Acids

Answer 22

release H+
proton donors
more H+ than OH-
pH

Question 23

Neutral

Answer 23

pH of 7.0

= # of H+ and OH-

Question 24

Bases

Answer 24

releases OH-
proton acceptors
pH > 7.0 (7.01- 14.00)
alkaline solutions
fewer H+ than OH-

Question 25

buffered solution

Answer 25

added H+ bound by buffer, pH change is small

Question 26

no buffer

Answer 26

add acid: increase of H+ and decrease in pH

Question 27

Inorganic chemistry

Answer 27

non-C containing substances | except CO, CO2, HCO3-

Question 28

organic chemistry

Answer 28

substances contain C, covalently bonded, often large | -Usually C-C or C-H bonding

Question 29

what are the 4 properties of water

Answer 29

stabilizes body temp protection chemical reaction transport

Question 30

examples of carbohydrates and what they contain

Answer 30

monosaccharides- glucose, fructose disaccharides- sucrose, lactose polysaccharides- starch, glycogen

Question 31

do lipids dissolve in nonpolar solvents?

Answer 31

yes but not in polar solvents (water)

Question 32

functions of fats/triglycerides in lipids

Answer 32

energy | cushioning protection in tissue/organs

Question 33

function of phospholipids in lipids

Answer 33

structural for cell membranes

Question 34

function of eicosanoids in lipids

Answer 34

regulate physiological processes

Question 35

function of steroids in lipids

Answer 35

regulate physiological processes | ex: cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones and adrenal cortical hormones

Question 36

fats (triglycerides)

Answer 36

3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

Question 37

saturated fatty acids

Answer 37

only single covalent bonds between carbons

Question 38

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 38

one or more double covalent bonds between carbons

Question 39

what are phospholipids

Answer 39

other lipid modified triglycerides 2 fatty acid groups 1 phosphorus group

Question 40

what are eicosanoids

Answer 40

other lipid | 20-carbon fatty acids found in cell membranes

Question 41

what are steroids

Answer 41

other lipid flat molecules 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings

Question 42

what are proteins

Answer 42

combinations of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds 20 amino acids polypeptides of 100s of amino acids

Question 43

protein peptide bonds and their # of amino acids

Answer 43

dipeptide- 2 AA tripeptide- 3 AA polypeptide- many AA

Question 44

what are the building blocks of proteins

Answer 44

amino acids

Question 45

protein functions

Answer 45

- enzymes regulate chem reactions - structural proteins provide framework for body's tissues - contractile allow muscle contraction

Question 46

protein denaturation

Answer 46

disruption of H bonds changes protein shape makes protein nonfunctional

Question 47

fibrous proteins

Answer 47

extended and strand-like | ex: keratin, elastin, collagen, & certain contractile fibers

Question 48

globular proteins

Answer 48

compact, spherical tertiary & quaternary structures ex: antibodies, hormones, enzymes

Question 49

enzymes

Answer 49

bind to reactant biological catalysts, chemically specific speed up chem reactions, lower activation energy

Question 50

lock and key model

Answer 50

determine enzyme function 2 reactants brought near eachother reduces activation energy for reaction each enzyme catakyzes only ONE TYPE of chem reaction after reaction, enzyme released, can be USED AGAIN

Question 51

nucleic acids

Answer 51

C,H,O,N,P | major classes: DNA & RNA

Question 52

basic unit of nucleic acids

Answer 52

nucleotide - monosaccharide * ribose or deoxyribose - phosphate - nitrogenous base (AGCTU)