ch 2 Flashcards
(27 cards)
Hindsight bias
“i knew it all along”
-romantic attraction/love at first sight
overconfidence bias
we tend to think we know more than we do
conformation bias
Focusing on information that confirm, rather than disconfirm one’s hypothesis (i.e., beliefs)
scientific methods
(1) Identify questions of interest
Typically derived from observation (i.e., experience)
(2) Formulating an explanation (theory)
(3) Carry out research designed to lend support for, or refute, an explanation
theories
Descriptions and explanations of phenomena
What is the effect or relationship & why might it occur?
E.g., Men are innately more aggression than are females
hypotheses
Prediction that allows one to test observations/theory
By adding stimulus A, you will get behavior B
E.g., A provoked male will be more aggressive than a provoked female
operationalization
Process of defining a concept by how it is measured.
E.g., Aggression = the force used to punch a punching bag
E.g., What is love?`
descriptive research
Describes the state of the world without manipulating it
correlational research
Make predictions by examining variables that seem to go together (i.e., co-vary)
experimental research
To find cause-and-effect-type findings through stringent scientific control
archival research
Existing data are used to test
a hypothesis
Naturalistic Observation
Behavior is observed without
interference
survey research
Self-report of person’s thoughts, attitudes, behaviors
case studies
Behavior of one person is studied in-depth (when no treatment is administered)
variable
Any factor that is characteristic of a measurable substance, quantity, or entity
correction coefficient
(+1 to +1)
positive
Varies together (toward r = 1.0) As the value of variable A goes up, the value of variable B goes up
Negative
Varies oppositely (toward r = -1.0) As the value of variable A goes up, the value of variable B goes down E.g., anxiety & test scores
no relationship
r = 0
E.g., hair length & test scores
narcissism
- High Entitlement
- High Grandiosity
- Low Conscientiousness
experimental group
Manipulated (gets “treatment”)
E.g., “You are great the way you are”
control group
No treatment (e.g., nothing, placebo, lesser manipulation) E.g., “You are completely average”
variables
Independent Variable (IV): What is manipulated E.g, state self-esteem (Praise vs. No praise) Dependent Variable (DV): Outcome measure E.g., # of ropes jumped
APA guidelines
Protect participants from physical and mental harm Right to privacy (i.e., confidentiality) Participation must be voluntary Right to withdraw Informed consent/debriefing
