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Pharm exam 1 > ch 2 > Flashcards

ch 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is pharmacology

A

study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

-actions and effects on body

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2
Q

what is a drug

A

any chemical that affects living processes

maintains homeostasis

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3
Q

what are sources of drugs

A

natural
synthetic
semisynthetic

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4
Q 
A nurse read "take one multivitamin qod" the nurse will
A. administer 1 daily
B. administer 1 every other day
C. call prescriber to verify
D. refuse to give an document
A

C

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5
Q

What are the 3 phases taken by mouth

A

pharmaceutic
pharmacodynamic
pharmacokinetic

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6
Q

what is pharmaceutic

A

disintegration and dissolutions— in order for drub to be absorbed should be in solution form

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7
Q

what is pharmacokinetic

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (moves to target center)

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8
Q

what is pharmacodynamics

A

brings boy back to homeostasis

-receptor family, blood flow, BBB, protein binding

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9
Q

what is a drug complex

A

drug + protein
bind to protein= inactive drug
free drug= pharmacology action

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10
Q

what % is a highly bond drug

A

90

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11
Q

what % is a low protein bound drug

A

10

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12
Q

routes of drug delivery

  • enteral
  • parenteral
A

enteral is the GI tract

parenteral is anything but the GI tract and 100% of drug goes to target site

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13
Q

what is the pharmaceutical phase

A

a solid drug (tablet) has to disintegrate before it can be absorbed

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14
Q

The process where a solid (tablet) goes into solution is known as

A

dissolution

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15
Q

ALL drugs must be in _________ to cross biologic membranes

A

solution

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16
Q

Do all drugs go through pharmaceutical phase

A

no, Liquids, IM, IV, SubQ do not

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17
Q

what is the difference between Active and inactive ingredients

A

Active: substance that causes the pharmaceutical response in your body

Inactive: added ingredients needed to administer the drug.

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18
Q

Fillers and inert substance (shape and size aids in dissolution) are known as

A

excipients

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19
Q

what are ions as additives

A

potasssium and sodium

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20
Q

Penicillin G is poorly absorbed by the stomach due to the presence of the gastric acid, what would increase penicillin absorbability?

A

additives in drugs such as the ions, Pencilin potassium and sodium increase the absorbability of the drug

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21
Q

what is the amount of time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to absorb it

A

rate of dissolution

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22
Q

Drugs are absorbed and disintegrated faster in ____ fluids

A

acidic with PH 1-2 rather than alkaline fluids

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23
Q

Why do infants and elderly have slower drug absorption in stomach

A

stomach is not as acidic, it is more alkaline

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24
Q

what allows a drug to dissolve only in an alkaline environment such as the small intestine and an example

A

enteric coating

ex: aspirin

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25
what allows drugs to be released slowly over time, rather than quickly and example
sustained releaser drugs | ex: tolteroidine tartrate
26
what is CD
controlled delivery
27
what is CR
controlled release
28
what is ER
extended release
29
what is LA
long acting
30
which drugs should not be crushed
enteric coated capsules sustained release
31
what happens if enteric coated,capsules, sustained release happened to be crushed
will alter the place and time of abqostiopin of the drug
32
what is the pharmacokinetic phase
``` The movement, what does the body do to the drug absorption distribituion metabolism excretion ```
33
what is the absorption phase
movement of a drug particles from GI tract to body fluids | drugs enter the blood stream from the mucosal lining of the small intestine
34
what are the 3 processes of absorption through the mucsoal linign
active, passive, and pinocytosis
35
what is passive transport
diffusion-no effort needed and fascinated diffusion- a carrier needed (enzyme or protein) high to low concentration,
36
what is active transport
carrier (protein or enzyme) ATP (energy) against gradient low to high
37
what is pinocytosis
take pinch of cell
38
what are the group of enzymes in the liver
CYP450 -cytochrome
39
Do lipid soluble pass easily in GI membrane
yes because it is mainly composed of lipid and protein
40
do water soluble pass easily in GI membrane
no they need a carrier | enzyme or protein
41
what characteristic features require a drug to be absorbed faster
lipid solube and nonionzed
42
what is the first pass effect
oral drugs do not go directly into the systemic circulation | passes straight to liver
43
what is the % of the admitted drug that reaches the systemic circulation
bioavailability
44
what are the actors that affects bioavailability
drug form, route, GI motility, food and liver dysfunction
45
what is the process of moving the drug from the blood stream to site of action
distribution
46
what are some highly protein bound drugs
warfarin- blood thinner ibuprofen- pain reliever furosemide- diuretic diazepam- sedative
47
what are some low protein bound drugs
gentamicin- antibiotics metformin- anti diabetic medication metoprolol- beta blocker lisinopril- ACE inhibitor
48
what does can cross the BBB
highly lipid soluble
49
the use of many drugs has resulted in _____ effects on the developing fetus
teratogenic
50
what is the primary site for metabolism
liver
51
what are the metabolizing enzymes in the liver known as
CYP450
52
what is the time it takes for one half of the rug concentration to be eliminated
half life
53
what affects half life of a drug
metabolism and elimination
54
what is an example of a short half life drug
ibuprofen (2 hrs) 3 to 4 times a day
55
what is an example of a long half life drug
digoxin (36 hrs) once a day
56
what is the main route for excretion
kidneys
57
what are other routes for excretion
feces, lungs, saliva, sweat, breast milk
58
what does acidic urine do
promotes excretion of weak base drugs like morphine
59
what does alkaline urine do
promotes excretion of weak acid drugs like aspirin
60
what is used to estimate the renal function rate
BUN and creatinine
61
a drug with a ______ has a high safety margin and is relatively safe, the lethal dose is greatly in excess of the therapeutic dose
wide therapeutic index
62
a drug with a ________ is more dangerous for the patient because small increases over normal does may induce toxic reactions
narrow therapeutic index
63
what is the time it takes after the drug is administer to reach a concentration that produces a response
onset of drug action
64
what is the time during which the drug is present in a concentration large enough to produce a response
duration of action
65
what is the time it takes for the drug to reach its highest effect action
peak effect
66
what is the difference between peak and trough level
peak- highest plasma concentration of drug | trough- measured before a drug is given, once suffice drug is eliminated, this is the lowest point of drug concentration
67
what are the 4 receptor families
cell membrane embedded enzymes ligand gated ion channels G-protein coupole receptor transcription factors
68
what is the drug that has the ability to produce a desired therapeutic effect when bound to the receptor
agonists
69
what is the drug that bind well to the receptor but produce no receptor response
antagonists
70
what are nonspecific drug effect
one drug one receptor multiple responses
71
what are nonselective drug effects
one drug multiple receptors multiple response
72
what is a large initial dose achieved minimum effective concentration within a short period of time
loading dose
73
what is drug tolerance to a frequently repeated administration of a certain drug
tachyphylaxis
74
what is a psychological benefit from a compound that may not ave the chemical structure of a drug effect
placebo effect
75
what are drugs that promote induction of enzyme
enzyme inducers and you end up with less drugs
76
what examples of enzyme inducers
phenobarbital carbazmazepine rifampin
77
what are enzyme inhibitors
you end up with more drugs
78
what is the combined effect of a group of drugs when they are working together which boost each others effect
synergism drug effect
79
what is one drug counteracts or reduces the effect of another drug when taken togethr
antagonism

Pharm exam 1 (4 decks)

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