Ch 2: Atom Structure and Measurements Flashcards by Alyssa Dosch

quantifies radioactivity

Curie

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List some properties of xray and gamma photons

ionize (high energy)
cannot be focused, refracted, or reflected
Can be restricted (collimate), filtered, absorbed and remitted
cannot see, hear, feel, or smell
causes certain materials to fluoresce
travels at the speed of light

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

radiation monitors are usually calibrated to what unit of measure

Roentgen (R) or milliroentgens (mR)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how to convert R to mR

divide by 1000 (move decimal three places to the left)
1 mR = 1/1000 R

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the SI unit for Roentgen

C/kg
Coulombs per kg

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is RAD/Gy used to measure?

radiation absorbed dose
describes patient dose
amount absorbed into the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do you convert Gy to RAD

multiply by 100 (move decimal two places to the right)
1 Gy = 100 RAD

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does Rem (Sievert) measure?

quantity of radiation received from all sources
used for occupational exposure
used to address the possibility of damage (dose to biological effect)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How to convert from rem to SV?

divide by 100 (move decimal two places to left)
1 rem = 0.01 Sv
100 rem = 1 Sv

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Convert mSv to Sv

divide by 1000 (move decimal three places to left)
1 mSv = 1/1000 Sv

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What unit of measure would you use for each scenario?
1) Leakage radiation from tube
2) Cumulative lifetime dose of rad tech
3) Patient wants to know amount of radiation received for a certain xray

1) Reontgen (R)
2) Rem (Sv)
3) Rad (Gy)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the SI unit for Curie?

Becquerel (Bq)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do unstable atoms try to achieve stability?

decay and releasing excess energy in the form of electromagnetic gamma radiation and particles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where and what is Curie (Ci) used for most?

measure radioactivity in nuclear power plants and radiation therapy
commonly used in nuclear medicine (commonly use MilliCurie/mCi)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Atoms are ____ dimensional

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Can atoms be divided?

No, they are indivisible

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Bohr atom?

his theory the atom has 3 fundamental components: electrons, neutrons, protons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F An atom is very solid, with limited space for electrons to orbit.

False
Atoms are composed of mostly space, electron orbits are large compared to the nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A majority of an atoms mass is the ____

nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Electrons orbit the nucleus at almost the speed of ____ in fixed, precise orbits

light

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F An electron’s mass is 1/2000 of the mass of a proton or nuetron.

true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A change in the electric charge of an atom usually is due to what?

gain or loss of an electron
ionization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The nucleus is held together by a strong force called what?

binding energy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe some jobs of binding energy.

holds together the protons and neutrons
overcomes the tendency for like charges to repel
holds the electrons in their orbits

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the letter values of the electron shells?

Starts at K at the innermost shell and works down the alphabet

T/F An electron shell always fills to capacity.

false

What happens to excess electrons when a shell is filled?

Starts a new shell

Binding energy is the minimum required energy to ____ an atom

split

What is the binding energy of a tungsten atom's K shell?

69.5

quantifies radiation intensity in air

Roentgen

quantifies occupational exposure or dose equivalent

REM/Sievert

considers the type of radiation and biological affect (whats the damage)

REM

measures Xray intensity in air

roengten

quantifies energy deposited into tissue by all types ionizing radiation

REM/Sievert

total quantity of radiation

RAD

affected by intensity of radiation, SID, time

RAD/gray

classification elemental relationships based on # of protons, neutrons, electrons

Isos

atoms of elements have the same # of protons (atomic number) but different # of neutrons

Isotope

atoms of elements have same #of neutrons but different # of protons

Isotone

atoms of elements have same # of protons and neutrons (atomic #) but different # of electrons

Isobar

same atomic # and atomic mass # but vary in energy in nucleus

Isomer

Which Isos is used most in rad?

Isotopes

In the periodic table, periods are...

rows

Each period says what about those groups of elements?

same number of electron shells atoms become more complex as period increases period # = # of electron shells

In the periodic table, groups are arranged in...

columns

The group column says what about those atoms?

same number of electrons in their outer shell Group # = # of electrons in outer shell

Atomic number is the same as the number of what?

protons and electrons (stable atom)

atomic mass number is equal to what?

of protons and neutrons

A stable atom would have equal number of what?

Protons = electrons

Define an element

simplest for of a substance that composes matter one type of atom in an element

Define a molecule

two or more atoms bonded together

Define a chemical compound

combo of elements (atoms) bonded together

Formula to determine max # of electrons a shell would hold is...

2n^2

Does an electron shell always fill to capacity?

Not in the case of the outer shell Inner shells fill up

What happens if there are electrons left over if a shell is filled?

A new shell is formed (the outer shell) and the binding energy of that shell is distributed to the electrons to hold them in place (higher energy holding the electrons than if the shell were full)

What are the three fundamental components of an atom?

electrons neutrons protons

What is the electrical charge of each component of an atom?

electron - negative neutron - no charge proton - positive

Where are the components of an atom located in the atom?

electron - orbit outside the nucleus neutron - within the nucleus proton - within the nucleus

Describe an electrically neutral atom

same number of protons and electrons

How does an atom become negative or positively charged

negative charge - more electrons than protons Positive charge - more protons than electrons

Electron shells are lettered beginning with K as the inner most shell. Which electron shells have the most energy, the inner shell or the outer shell? Why??

inner shell fewer electrons in those rings, so each one gets more energy distributed to it

The K shell will always hold a maximum of _______ electrons.

Two or more atoms bonded together are called...

molecules

Number of protons and neutrons that are in the nucleus of an atom is the ________ (number)

atomic mass number

Simplest form of a substance. Made of one type of atom. Unchanging number of protons.

element

The outermost shell will always hold a maximum of ______ electrons

What is the formula used to determine how many electrons will fit in each shell?

2n^2

Combinations of elements

compound

The number of protons in the nucleus

atomic number

Element whose atoms have same number of protons and neutrons but different amounts of ((energy)) within nuclei

isom(e)r

Element whose atoms have the same amount of ((protons)) but a different amount of neutrons.

isoto(p)es

Element whose atoms have different number of protons but the same ((atomic)) number

isob(a)rs

Element whose atoms have the same number of ((neutrons)) but a different number of protons

isoto(n)es

The columns on the periodic table are referred to as...

group

What is the same about the atoms in each column in the periodic table?

same number of electrons in the outer shell (valence electrons)

The column number says what about that atom?

How many valence electrons it has

The rows on the periodic table are referred to as...

periods

The period number says what about that atom?

the number of electron shells it has

What is the same about the atoms in each row of the periodic table?

same number of electron shells

Describe the two types of bonding that takes place to form molecules...

ionic - attraction of opposite charges, one will lose an electron while the other gains one covalent - two or more atoms sharing electrons

Simplest form of a substance. Made of one type of atom. Unchanging number of protons

element

number of neutrons and protons that are in the nucleus of an atom

mass number

Two or more atoms bonded together

molecule

combinations of elements

compounds

the number of protons in the nucleus

atomic number

The mass number of an element is almost always ____ (larger/smaller) than the atomic number.

larger

On the periodic table, what components are typically shown on an element square and where are they located?

Chemical Symbol - two letters in the middle Atomic mass number - on top or the larger number Atomic number - on bottom or the smaller number

T/F All compounds are considered molecules, but not all molecules are compounds

True Molecule - two or more atoms Compound - two or more of combo of different atoms