Ch. 2 based on slides

Question 1

True or False: Elements are arranged on the periodic table by increasing atomic number (# of protons)! Protons define the atom

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Define atomic weight

Answer 2

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Question 3

Define Isotope

Answer 3

Alternative forms of an atom due to differences in the number of neutrons

Question 4

Why would atoms link up with one another?

Answer 4

Because most atoms are not stable on their own due to their number of electrons

Question 5

What is the octet rule?

Answer 5

The valence shell must contain 8 electrons to be stable

Question 6

How will atoms interact with one another to fulfill the octet rule?

Answer 6

Via ionic or covalent bonding

Question 7

Define ionic bonding

Answer 7

Atoms transfer or accept electrons from one another

Question 8

Elements that give up electrons are positively charged and known as

Answer 8

Cations

Question 9

Elements that accept electrons are negatively charged and known as

Answer 9

Anions

Question 10

What is an ION

Answer 10

a charged atom

Question 11

Define Electronegativity

Answer 11

The degree to which an atom will give or accept an electron

Question 12

True or False: Elements with more electrons in their valence shell have higher electronegativity!

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Define Covalent bonding

Answer 13

The (Atoms) sharing of electrons

Question 14

What are the differences between non-polar and polar covalent bonds?

Answer 14

The sharing of the electrons. Nonpolar is equal sharing of electrons and polar is unequal sharing of electrons

Question 15

Is there a charge across a non-polar covalent bond?

Answer 15

NO

Question 16

Does a polar bond have a charge?

Answer 16

Yes, one end is positive and the other negative

Question 17

Why does oxygen pull on H+ electrons?

Answer 17

Because it has greater electronegativity

Question 18

Define Oxidation

Answer 18

Loss of e-

Question 19

Reduction

Answer 19

Gaining of e-

Question 20

What is hydrogen bonding?

Answer 20

A covalently bonded hydrogen is partially positive and it is attracted to the partially negative portion of a different atom

Question 21

Define solute

Answer 21

the substance that is being dissolved

Question 22

Solvent

Answer 22

the substance that dissolves the solute

Question 23

Define Buffers

Answer 23

Compounds that are used to maintain proper pH by binding to free H+ or OH-

Question 24

What are the four functional groups?

Answer 24

Amino group, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, and R-group

Question 25

How are monomers formed from a polymer?

Answer 25

Hydrolysis: the addition of water molecules to break a bond within the polymer to form a monomer

Question 25

How are polymers formed from monomers?

Answer 25

Dehydration synthesis: The removal of a water molecule between 2 reacting molecules forming new covalent bonds in the process

Question 26

Do double carbon bonds exist in saturated fatty acid tails?

Answer 26

NO

Question 27

Do double carbon bonds exist in saturated fatty acid tails?

Answer 27

Yes at least one

Question 28

The importance of cholesterol

Answer 28

A major component for the cells plasma membrane (structurally) but its also a precursor for testosterone and estrogen (hormones)

Question 29

What is the function of an R Group?

Answer 29

It establishes the distinctive properties of each amino acid and the properties of the resulting polypeptide

Question 30

Organization of Protein folding

Answer 30

Primary: Linear Sequence Secondary: Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet Tertiary: Interaction between R groups Quaternary: a combination of 2 or more of the above structures

Question 31

Define Functional Group.

Answer 31

Parts of a molecule that impart a specific characteristic to the molecule

Question 32

What molecules make up the cell membrane?

Answer 32

Lipids and Proteins

Question 33

What do our genes encode for?

Answer 33

Proteins

Question 34

How do we make proteins for our genes?

Answer 34

Transcription: synthesis of RNA from a DNA template Translation: synthesis of protein from RNA template

Question 35

rRNA

Answer 35

Associated with proteins to form ribosomes (structural site of protein synthesis)

Question 36

tRNA

Answer 36

responsible for carrying and connecting amino acids to ribosomes for synthesis into a protein

Question 37

mRNA

Answer 37

template for translation, sequence that determines the sequence of amino acids in the final proteins (copy of DNA blueprint)

Question 38

Difference between introns vs exons

Answer 38

Introns (non-coding sequence) Exons (coding sequence)

Question 39

How does mRNA serve as the template for translation?

Answer 39

It is divided into 3 nucleotide sections called codons then those codons encode for an amino acid