Ch. 2-Biochem

Question 1

Which bond transfers electrons and will break easily in water?

Answer 1

Ionic

Question 2

Which ion is important to initiate nerve impulses?

Answer 2

Sodium

Question 3

Which ion gives bone its hardness?

Answer 3

Calcium

Question 4

Which ion helps alter the pH of solutions?

Answer 4

Hydrogen when bonded with a negative ion

Question 5

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 5

Sharing of electrons between two atoms to fill up their valence shells. It is a strong bond.

Question 5

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 5

A weak, covalent bond with electrons that are not uniformly distributed.

Question 6

What makes water cohesive and creates surface tension?

Answer 6

Hydrogen bonds between the water molecules

Question 7

What are catalysts?

Answer 7

Catalysts lowers activation energy and increases rate of reaction

Question 8

What is a redox reaction?

Answer 8

Transfer of electrons between atoms/molecules.

Oxidation: loss of electrons and energy is released

Reduction: Gain of electrons and energy is gained

Question 9

What compounds lack carbon?

Answer 9

Inorganic

Question 10

What is a polar molecule? Non-polar?

Answer 10

A polar molecule with different partial charges and can be dissolved easily.
A non-polar molecule has an even distribution of electrons, cannot be easily dissolved.

Question 10

Why does oil hang in water?

Answer 10

Lipids are non-polar (have no charge), therefore they are not attracted to water molecules and is not soluble in water.

Question 11

What are phospholipids?

Answer 11

Component of cell membranes with hydrophobic (non-polar, fatty acids) tails and hydrophobic(polar, phosphate group) heads.

Question 12

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 12

Water is added to break down polymers into monomers

Question 13

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 13

Water is removed to create bonds

Question 14

Properties of water.

Answer 14

High heat capacity and acts as a lubricant in our body.

Question 15

Substance that will increase its concentration of hydrogen when added to a solution?

Answer 15

Acid

Question 16

What is a base?

Answer 16

A substance that will increase the concentration of hydroxide when added to a solution.

Question 17

Where is HCl found in our body?

Answer 17

Our stomach, it kills bacteria and helps digest proteins

Question 18

What acid helps regulate blood pH?

Answer 18

Carbonic acid

Question 19

What is an example of a polysaccharide in animals and plants?

Answer 19

Animals: glycogen
Plants: starch, cellulose

Question 19

How do buffers work in our body?

Answer 19

It counteracts changes in pH by taking up excess hydrogen ions when blood is too acidic or releasing hydrogen ions when blood is too basic.

Question 20

Functions of carbohydrates.

Answer 20

short-term energy, modify proteins, and helps with structure

Question 21

What is a glycocalyx?

Answer 21

Chains of carbohydrate on cell membrane that creates a slippery texture to helps prevent clotting in blood vessel

Question 22

What are the functions of fatty acids?

Answer 22

synthesizes phospholipids and triglycerides and breaks down to generate ATP

Question 23

Name 5 lipids.

Answer 23

FA, eicosanoids, steroids, phospholipids, triglycerides

Question 24

What is a triglyceride made up of?

Answer 24

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 25

Which fat is solid in room temp?

Answer 25

Saturated

Question 26

Functions of lipids.

Answer 26

To protect, insulate, and store energy

Question 27

Functions of proteins. (5)

Answer 27

Gives structure, regulates processes, provides protection, transports substances, and serves as enzymes.

Question 28

What are the 6 types of proteins?

Answer 28

Structural, regulatory, Contractile, immunological, transport, and catalytic

Question 29

What does an amino acid contain?

Answer 29

An amine(base) group, a side chain, and a carboxylic group

Question 30

What is the primary structure of protein?

Answer 30

An amino acid sequence held together by a peptide bond

Question 31

Secondary structure?

Answer 31

Twisting/folding (alpha helix/beta-pleated sheets) of neighbouring amino acids held together by hydrogen bond

Question 32

Tertiary structure?

Answer 32

3D shape of a polypeptide chain

Question 33

Quaternary structure?

Answer 33

2 or more polypeptide chains coming together

Question 34

Give 2 parts of an enzyme.

Answer 34

Apoenzyme, the protein part and the co-factor, the non-protein part.

Question 35

Can enzyme activity be inhibited or enhanced?

Answer 35

Yes, substances within cell may change shape of active site or make it inaccessible

Question 36

What do ATPases do?

Answer 36

Control the release of energy from ATP

Question 37

Where is the usable energy in ATP located?

Answer 37

The bond holding the third phosphate.

Question 38

What is an ATPase?

Answer 38

An enzyme that uses energy from breakdown of ATP molecules

Question 39

What are the components of a nucleotide?

Answer 39

A phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base

Question 40

How many bonds does adenine and thymine have?

Answer 40

2

Question 41

Function of DNA

Answer 41

Has the information to make proteins

Question 42

Function of RNA

Answer 42

Carries replicated genetic code and helps with protein synthesis