Ch 2 Cells And Microscopy

Question 1

Nucleus Structure

Answer 1

Nuclear envelope - double membrane, nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin - DNA
Nucleolus
Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 2

Nuclear envelope function

Answer 2

To compartmentalise and protect the nucleus

Question 3

Nuclear pores function

Answer 3

To allow the movement of substances in and out of the nucleus e.g. mRNA and ribosomes

Question 4

Nucleoplasm function

Answer 4

Cytoplasm of the nucleus, anchors the nucleolus and DNA

Question 5

Chromatin function

Answer 5

Is DNA, can rearrange into chromosomes for mitosis
Controls the cell

Question 6

Nucleolus function

Answer 6

Synthesis of ribosomes

Question 7

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

Answer 7

Flattened stacks of sacs called cisternae covered in ribosomes and attached to the nucleus

Question 8

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 8

Allows passage of ribosomes from nucleolus to surface
Site of protein synthesis

Question 9

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

Answer 9

Flattened stacks of sacs called cisternae attached to the nucleus

Question 10

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 10

Storage
Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

Question 11

Golgi apparatus structure

Answer 11

Flattened stacks of sacs called cisternae that are added to and removed from by vesicles that join from the nucleus and leave into the cell.

Question 12

Golgi apparatus function

Answer 12

Modification of proteins by changing the shape or adding lipids or carbohydrates to make them fuction
Makes lysosomes

Question 13

Ribosome structure

Answer 13

2 subunits
Only organelle without a membrane

Question 14

Ribosome function

Answer 14

Synthesises proteins using mRNA

Question 15

Mitochondrion structure

Answer 15

Double membrane
Inner membrane is folded with folds called cristae
Oval shaped
Has mitochondrial DNA

Question 16

Mitochondrion function

Answer 16

Site of respiration

Question 17

Lysosome structure

Answer 17

Single membrane
Filled with digestive enzymes

Question 18

Lysosome function

Answer 18

To digest harmful foreign objects and worn out cell components

Question 19

Centriole structure

Answer 19

9x3 microtubules in a cylindrical shape

Question 20

Centriole function

Answer 20

Forms the spindle during cell division

Question 21

Cilia structure

Answer 21

9x2+2 microtubules - 9 pairs around the edge with a pair in the centre

Question 22

Cilia function

Answer 22

Sensory e.g. nose
Beat to waft substances a particular direction e.g. mucus away from the lungs

Question 23

Cell surface membrane structure

Answer 23

Phospholipid bilayer - protein head, lipid tail, x2
Encircles entire cell

Question 24

Cell surface membrane function

Answer 24

To control the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Contains receptors for hormones e.g. insulin

Question 25

Cytoskeleton structure

Answer 25

Includes micro filaments (actin), microtubules(tubulin) and intermediate fibres Throughout entire cell

Question 26

Microfilament function

Answer 26

Allows movement of the cell and cytoplasm in cytokinesis (mitosis/meiosis)

Question 27

Microtubules function

Answer 27

Allows movement of substances within the cell

Question 28

Intermediate fibres function

Answer 28

Maintains the strength and integrity of the cell

Question 29

Flagella structure

Answer 29

9x2+2 microtubules (9 pairs around the edge with another pair in the middle) Protrude from the cell, covered by cell surface membrane

Question 30

Flagella function

Answer 30

Microtubules contract, moving the flagella, which moves the cell

Question 31

Chloroplast structure

Answer 31

Double membrane which encloses the stroma Stroma contains DNA, ribosomes and starch and lipid stores Series of stacks of flattened sacs (sacs called thylakoids, stacks called grana) Chlorophyll in grana

Question 32

Chloroplast function

Answer 32

Site of photosynthesis

Question 33

Cell wall structure

Answer 33

Made of b-cellulose microfibrils Fully permeable

Question 34

Cell wall function

Answer 34

Keeps cell rigid Gives plant mechanical strength allows cell turgidity as inside the cell can push against the cell wall