Ch. 2 Cellular Response to Stress, Injury, & Aging

Question 0

A decrease in the size of a tissue organ because of a decrease in the size of the individual cells or number of cells.

Caused by:

1. Disuse
2. Denervation
3. Loss of endocrine stimulation
4. Ischemia
5. Inadequate nutrition

Answer 0

Atrophy

Question 1

When an area is not getting enough oxygen.

Answer 1

Ischemia

Question 2

1. A larger cell size and functioning tissue mass.
2. Caused by an increased workload
3. Most common in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues

Answer 2

Hypertrophy

Question 3

1. Increased number of cells in organ or tissue
2. Occurs in cells that have mitosis division (epidermis, intestinal epithelium, glandular tissue)
3. Causes: compensatory, hormonal, pathological

Ex. You would want your uterus to do this as the fetus grows

Answer 3

Hyperplasia

Question 4

1. An adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

2. Happens in response to chronic irritation or inflammation

Answer 4

Metaplasia

Question 5

Deranged cell growth

Cells vary in shape, size, and organization

Promoted by chronic infections

Answer 5

Dysplasia

Question 6

Represents the buildup of substances that cells can’t use immediately or dispose of:

1. unused food (lipids & glycogen)
2. Abnormal proteins
3. Pigments
4. Calcium salts

Answer 6

Intercellular accumulation

Question 7

Presenting signs or symptoms

Answer 7

Manifestation

Question 8

Abnormal tissue deposits of calcium salts and minerals

Answer 8

Pathological Calcifications

Question 9

Occurs in injured cells

1. Atherosclerosis- aorta, large vessels, heart valves
2. Can cause an organ to fail

Answer 9

Dystrophic Calcifications

Question 10

Occurs in normal tissues, from elevations in blood calcium levels

Ex. Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 10

Metastatic Calcifications

Question 11

Considerable mass of tissue which has undergone necrosis

*bi-product turns into gas, wherever it travels & settles in the body can cause necrosis in the body

Answer 11

Gangrene

Question 12

1. Cell death in an organ or tissue that is still apart of a living person
2. Unregulated death caused by injuries to cell
3. Cells swell, rupture, and die
4. Results in inflammation

Answer 12

Necrosis

Question 13

1. A highly selective process that eliminates injured and aged cells
2. Cells are remove & replaced with vital cells
3. Removes cells that are being replaced or have “worn out”
4. Removes unwanted tissue

Answer 13

Apoptosis

Question 14

Blood is not getting to brain

Answer 14

Ischemic stroke

Question 15

Causes damage to cell membranes, cross-linking of cell proteins, inactivation of enzyme systems or damage to nuclei can acids

Unpaired electrons

Answer 15

Free Radical Formation

Question 16

Associated with hypoxia and chemical cell injury

Answer 16

Depletion of ATP

Question 17

Blood flow

Answer 17

Profuse

Question 18

1. Cell deprived of oxygen
2. Extent of injury depends on needs of the cell & degree of cellular hypoxic
3. Can occur from inadequate amounts of oxygen or from inability of cells to use oxygen

Answer 18

Hypoxic cell injury

Question 19

1. Insufficient blood flow to the cells
2. Occurs when there is an increased accumulation of intracellular calcium
3. Comes from the release of stored calcium from the mitochondria

Answer 19

Ischemic cell injury

Question 20

Increase in cell size and an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass

Answer 20

Adaptive or compensatory Hypertrophy

Question 21

1. Are dysfunctional
2. Impaired flow substance through their cell membranes as a result of altered permeability
3. Become swollen as a result of altered cell volume regulation

Answer 21

Injured cells