Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P 1 > Ch 2 Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Ch 2 Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

(102 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Chemistry

A

the structure and interactions of all living matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Matter

A

is anything that takes space and adds mass

3 states: solid, liquid, gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mass

A

is the amount of matter in an object

Mass does not change, weight does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chemical elements

A

cannot be split into simpler substances

There are 118 elements, 92 occur naturally on Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chemical symbols

A

consist of 1 or 2 letters of the elements name. Ex: Carbon=C, Oxygen=O, Hydrogen=H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Major Elements

A

make up 96% of body’s mass, they are oxygen(O), carbon, hydrogen(H), nitrogen(N)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lesser elements

A

make up 3.6% body mass, calcium, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), sodium chlorine (CI), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atoms

A

smallest unit of matter, retain properties and characteristics of the element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Subatomic particles

A

compose individual atoms, they are protons, neutrons, and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Protons

A

Positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neutron

A

no charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Electron

A

negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Electron shells

A

are circles around the nucleus that electrons orbit around.
Electrons fill into the shell in a specific order, innermost to outermost.
The number of electrons in an atom always equals the number of protons, each Atom is electrically neutral with a 0 charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mass number

A

sum of protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Isotopes

A

are atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons, this gives the atom a different mass number. Most isotopes are stable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Radioactive Isotopes

A

are unstable and decay, releasing radiation.

They can transform into other elements when they decay. They can decay in 1 second or a million years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Half-life

A

half life of an isotope is the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay into a stable form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dalton

A

(amu) is the unit used to measure atomic mass

Neutron has 1.008 dalton, proton has 1.007 dalton, electron has 0.0005 dalton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Atomic Mass

A

is the average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ions

A

atoms that give up or gain an electron. Ex: Ca2+ stands for calcium with 2 positive charges b/c it lost 2 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ionization

A

the process of giving up or gaining an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Molecules

A

are when atoms share 2 electrons, chemically bonded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Compounds

A

contain atoms of 2 or more different elements. Ex: H2O and NaCI (sodium chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Free Radical
atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in outermost shell. These are unstable, highly reactive, and destructive. They become stable when they gain an electron or give the unpaired one away
26
Chemical Bonds
are forces that hold together atoms and molecules
27
Valence Shell
outermost shell, determines if atoms will form chemical bonds based on the number of electrons. If an atom is chemically stable it will not bond with another
28
Octet Rule
observation that elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell
29
Types of Chemical Bonds
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
30
Ionic Bonds
The force that holds together ions with opposite charges
31
Cation
positively charged ion, they lose an electron, ending up with more protons than electrons
32
Anion
negatively charged ion, they gain an electron, ending up with more electrons than protons
33
Covalent Bonds
Forms when 2 or more atoms share an electron. The larger the number of electrons shared, the stronger the bond
34
Single Covalent Bond
two atoms share one electron
35
Double Covalent Bond
two atoms share 2 pairs of electrons
36
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
two atoms share their electrons equally
37
Polar Covalent Bond
the electrons shared between two atoms is unequal
38
Electronegativity
the power to attract electrons to itself
39
Hydrogen Bonds
Forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive attracts the partial negative of near by atoms
40
Chemical Reaction
Occurs when new bonds form or old ones break
41
Reactants
the starting substance, Ex: H2 and O2
42
Products
the end product, Ex: H2O
43
Metabolism
all the chemical reactions occurring in the body.
44
Potential Energy
energy stored by matter due to its position
45
Kinetic Energy
energy associated with the matter in motion
46
Chemical Energy
form of potential energy stored in bonds of compounds and molecules
47
Law of Conservation of Energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed, but converted from one form to another
48
Exergonic reactions
release more energy than they absorb
49
Endergonic reactions
absorb more energy than they release.
50
activation energy
The collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants
51
Concentration
The more particles of matter present in a confined space, the greater the chance that they will collide
52
Temperature
As temperature rises, particles of matter move about more rapidly
53
Catalysts
chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur
54
Synthesis (anabolism)
2 or more atoms, ions, molecules combine to form larger molecules, synthesis means to put together A+B = AB
55
Decomposition (catabolism
splits larger molecules into smaller ones | AB= A+B
56
Exchange
consists of synthesis and decomposition, switches partners | AB+CD= AD+BC
57
Reversible
products can revert back to original reactants | AB = A+B and A+B = AB
58
Oxidation-Reduction
breaks down food molecules to produce energy. Oxidation loses electrons and Reduction gains electrons. When one is oxidized the other is reduced at same time
59
Inorganic Compounds
Lacks carbon, few atoms, cannot be used by cells for complicated functions, include water, salts, acids, and bases. Water is the most important inorganic compound. Makes up 55-60% of body, Inorganic compounds with carbon: carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, carbonic acid
60
Organic Compounds
contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen, always has covalent bond. Large molecules made of long carbon atom chains Makes up 38-43% of body
61
Water
Most important compound in all living things. High polarity. Versatile solvent. Cohesive and can resist temp changes (high heat capacity)
62
Solvent
does the dissolving. ex: water
63
Solute
whats being dissolved. ex: salt
64
Hydrophilic
water loving ex: salt or sugar
65
hydrophobic
scared of water ex: oil/fats
66
Dehydration synthesis
2 smaller molecules form larger, loss of water
67
Mixture
compounds blended together but not bonded. Ex: air is made of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide 3 types: solutions, colloids, suspensions
68
Colloid
substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance. Appears translucent or opaque Ex: milk
69
Suspension
can mix with liquid but will separate, ex: blood plasma
70
Mass per volume
gives relative mass of solute found in volume of solution, Ex: "Alcohol 1% by volume"
71
Moles
(mol/L) amount of substance that has mass in grams equal to sum of atomic mass in all atoms. Ex: 1 mole of chlorine (atomic mass= 35.45) is 35.45 Avogardros number is 6.023 x 10^23 Moles tell about # of atoms, ions or molecules present
72
Dissociate
acids, bases, salts dissolve and separate into ions and surrounds by water molecules
73
Acids
breaks off into hydrogen ions and anions, proton donor pH scale 1-6
74
Bases
removes hydrogen, proton acceptor
75
Salt
dissociates to cations and anions, electrolytes for carrying electrical currents
76
pH scale
1-6 is acidic, 8-10 is a base, 7 is neutral
77
Buffer System
convert strong acids/bases to weak ones | Maintenance of body fluid homeostasis is critical
78
Carbon
organic compounds always contain carbon Carbon can combine into many shapes Carbon compounds do not dissolve easy in water Carbon is good source of energy
79
Macromolecules
small organic molecules combined into large ones
80
Monomers
mono=one | the reaction that joins two monomers is a dehydration synthesis
81
polymers
Poly=many, mers=parts large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building‐block molecules called monomers
82
Carbohydrate
"Watered carbon" Includes sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose Primary source of energy Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are elements in carbs 3 groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
83
monosaccharides
simple sugar, cannot be decomposed to simpler sugar, contain 3-7 carbon atoms ``` Glucose Fructose(fruits) Galactose (milk sugar) Deoxyribose (DNA) Ribose(RNA) ```
84
disaccharide
2 or more monosaccharides Sucrose (table sugar glucose+fructose), Lactose (milk sugar glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose)
85
polysaccharides
tens to hundreds monosaccharides Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose
86
lipids
fats hydrophobic Types: fatty acids, triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids (ring of carbon atoms), eicosanoids (20 carbon lipids), fat soluble vitamins, lipoproteins
87
Fatty Acids
synthesize phospholipids and triglycerides, can be saturated or unsaturated
88
Saturated
contains one covalent bond, solid at room temp
89
Unsaturated
one or more double covalent bonds, liquid at room temp
90
Triglycerides
provide protection, insulation, energy glycerol forms backbone of triglyceride Solid or liquid at room temp
91
Phospholipids
important in cell membranes The "head: is hydrophilic The "tail" is hydrophobic Considered amphipathic (both polar and nonpolar)
92
Steroids
includes all the sex hormones, adrenal cortical hormones, bile acids
93
proteins
Give structure to body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances, serve as enzymes Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Some contain sulfur
94
amino acids
20 different amino acids, building blocks for protein The covalent bond joining 2 amino acids makes a peptide bond 2 amino acids combine making a dipeptide, 3 make a tripeptide 10-2000 or more amino acids make polypeptide
95
Enzymes
A catalyst in a living cell, highly specific, extremely efficient, subject to cellular controls, #1 Catalyst** Protein part is called apoenzyme, non protein part is called cofactor
96
Nucleic Acids
Make up DNA and RNA | Chain of repeating monomers called nucleotides
97
DNA
forms genetic code in nuclei of cells and regulates most of the cells activities
98
RNA
guides protein formation, relays instruction
99
Nitrogenous base
4 different bases, adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine [C], guanine (G) A & T pair, C & G pair
100
Pentose Sugar
five carbon sugar attached to base in DNA
101
Phosphate group
form backbone of DNA
102
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Principle energy storing molecule in the body Usable energy is in 3rd phosphate ATP is formed during cellular respiration ATPases control the release of ATP ATP moves ions across membrane during active transport ATP is used in contraction of muscles

A&P 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions