CH. 2 - Nature of Sound

Question 1

time in sound when medium compresses, causing increased density of molecules and pressure

Answer 1

condensation/compression

Question 2

time in sound when medium expands, causing decreased density of molecules and pressure

Answer 2

Rarefaction

Question 3

complete period of compression + rarefaction of sound wave

Answer 3

cycle

Question 4

a single moment in a cycle during simple harmonic motion

Answer 4

phase

Question 5

magnitude of sound

Answer 5

intensity

Question 6

of cycles in a second in sound (speed)

Answer 6

frequency

Question 7

perception of frequency

Answer 7

pitch

Question 8

anatomical name for eardrum

Answer 8

tympanic membrane

Question 9

Three bones that form ossicular chain

Answer 9

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Question 10

Part of malleus that attaches to TM

Answer 10

manubrium

Question 11

The footplate of the stapes fits into the ____ window

Answer 11

oval

Question 12

what is the function of the middle ear?

Answer 12

increases pressure by decreasing area - makes it possible for sound to go from air to water

Question 13

what are the two labyrinths of the inner ear?

Answer 13

osseous and membranous

Question 14

What are the three channels of the cochlea from superior to inferior?

Answer 14

scala vestibuli
cochlear duct (scala media)
scala tympani

Question 15

__ __ is often called cochlear partition

Answer 15

Scala media

Question 16

Scala vestibuli and scala tympani meet here at the apex of the cochlea

Answer 16

helicotrema

Question 17

what are the two membranes that are on the ends of the cochlear duct, and sandwich the Organ of Corti between them

Answer 17

Reissner’s membrane
Basilar membrane

Question 19

the small membrane over the Organ of Corti that the hairs brush up against when the organ moves

Answer 19

tectorial membrane

Question 20

central bony pillar of cochlea; blood vessels and nerve fibers go through here

Answer 20

Modiolus

Question 21

bundles of cell bodies where nerve fibers synapse

Answer 21

nuclei

Question 22

most of the auditory nuclei in the CANS get their blood supply from offshoots of the ___ artery

Answer 22

basilar

Question 23

ability to detect faint sound

Answer 23

absolute sensitivity

Question 24

what hearing sensitivity usually refers to

Answer 24

absolute sensitivity

Question 25

ability to detect differences/change in intensity, frequency, or other dimension of sound

Answer 25

Differential sensitivity

Question 26

Usually this is what hearing acuity refers to

Answer 26

Differential sensitivity

Question 27

level where stimulus or change in stimulus can get picked up by the body

Answer 27

threshold

Question 28

lowest level at which acoustic signal can be detected

Answer 28

Absolute threshold

Question 29

smallest diff that can be detected between two signals

Answer 29

Differential threshold

Question 30

another name for differential threshold

Answer 30

difference limen

Question 31

what is an audiogram?

Answer 31

graphic representation of threshold of audibility across audiometric frequency range; plot of absolute threshold

Question 32

what does HL stand for?

Answer 32

hearing level

Question 33

type of vibratory energy transmitted by pressure waves in air or other media

Answer 33

Sound

Question 34

3 requirements for sound to exist

Answer 34

Can you reproduce by budding?! 1) SOURCE - Source of vibratory energy 2) ELASTIC - medium that is compressible or elastic 3) PROPOGATES - Disturbance propagates in that medium via sound waves and carry energy away

Question 35

what does SPL stand for?

Answer 35

sound pressure level

Question 36

why was the decibel developed?

Answer 36

to make a logarithmic scale more user-friends

Question 37

twice the frequency of a given frequency

Answer 37

Octave

Question 38

audiologists test at these frequency intervals

Answer 38

8va and half 8va

Question 39

fast wave cycles indicate high ___

Answer 39

frequency

Question 40

high wave peaks indicate high ___

Answer 40

magnitude

Question 41

waves of motion of an air molecule creates a ___ effect

Answer 41

domino

Question 42

If a sound has multiple sinusoids or is not a sinusoid, it is considered ___

Answer 42

complex

Question 43

interaction of intensity and frequency in a complex sound

Answer 43

spectrum

Question 44

3 functions of outer ear

Answer 44

1) collect and resonate sound 2) assist in sound localization 3) protect middle ear

Question 45

3 main parts of outer ear

Answer 45

1) auricle/pinna 2) EAM 3) outer layer of TM

Question 47

path for O2 to get to middle ear, connected to nasopharynx

Answer 47

Auditory/Eustachian tube

Question 48

end organ of hearing known as the

Answer 48

Cochlea

Question 49

how many turns does the cochlea have?

Answer 49

2.5

Question 50

In cochlea, part that starts nearest to middle ear = ____, part that is furthest from middle ear = ____

Answer 50

base; apex

Question 51

cochlear fluid high in sodium and calcium

Answer 51

Perilymph

Question 52

___ hair cells are mostly afferent and ___ hair cells are mostly efferent

Answer 52

inner; outer

Question 53

____ hair cells expand and contract to reduce the intensity for the __ hair cells

Answer 53

outer; inner

Question 54

Location processing in hearing starts here

Answer 54

Superior olivary complex or SOC

Question 55

Most people process information in the ___ temporal lobe, which means their ___ ears are critical to sound collection

Answer 55

left; right

Question 56

capacity of sense organ to detect stimulus

Answer 56

Sensitivity

Question 57

in audiogram, threshold is

Answer 57

an intensity a patient can hear 50% of the time

Question 58

When both air and bone conduction appear in the shaded range in an audiogram, this indicates

Answer 58

normal hearing

Question 59

When both air and bone conduction result in the same amount of hearing loss, this indicates

Answer 59

sensorineural hearing loss (cochlear)

Question 60

When bone conduction hearing loss is less than air conduction hearing loss, this indicates

Answer 60

Conductive hearing loss (outer and middle ear)