Ch. 2 - Nervous System Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
How many poles does the brain have?
A
3
frontal, temporal, occipital pole
2
Q
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for _______ and the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for _______.
A
fight or flight
rest and digest
3
Q
What is the largest area of the brain?
A
telencephalon
4
Q
What divides the left and right hemisphere of the telencephalon?
A
sagital fissure/sulcus
5
Q
What separates the telencephalon from the cerebellum?
A
horizontal fissure
6
Q
What separates the temporal lobe of the telencephalon from the upper part of the cerebrum?
A
lateral fissure
7
Q
What are the 4 lobes of the telencephalon?
A
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobe
8
Q
What is the outer covering of the telencephalon called?
A
cortex
9
Q
The fold of the cortex are called…
A
gyri (bumps) and sulci (valleys)
10
Q
The precentral gyrus is the ____ cortex.
A
motor (movement is initiated here)
11
Q
The postcentral gyrus is the _____ cortex.
A
sensory
12
Q
Where is the diencephalon located?
A
the centre of the base of the cerebrum
13
Q
What are the 4 components of the diencephalon?
A
thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus
14
Q
The thalamus is a large nucleus located on both sides of the _________.
A
third ventricle
15
Q
What senses go through the thalamus?
A
every sense BUT smell
16
Q
What is situated below the thalamus and connected to the pituitary gland?
A
hypothalamus
17
Q
The _______ is located below the thalamus.
A
subthalamus
18
Q
The _______ is a small nucleus located behind the thalamus.
A
epithalamus
19
Q
What does the grey matter of the cerebrum contain?
A
cell bodies of the neurons
20
Q
The grey matter is confined to the ________ and the ________.
A
cortex, basal ganglia
21
Q
The _________ are deep nuclei and mostly related to motor function.
A
basal ganglia
22
Q
What are the different basal ganglia?
A
lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, amygdala
23
Q
The thalamus and the internal capsule are made up of ________.
A
white matter (fibres, axons)
24
Q
What are the three types of white matter fibres?
A
association, commissural, and projection fibres
25
What are the association fibres responsible for?
communication within one hemisphere
| -stay in the same half
26
What are the commissural fibres responsible for?
communication between the hemispheres
| -one half to the other half
27
What are the three sets of the commissural fibres?
anterior commissure, posterior commissure and the corpus callosum
28
The __________ connects the hemispheres and has lots of fibres.
corpus callosum
29
What are the projection fibres responsible for?
communication between different levels of the nervous system (not confined to the cerebrum)
-one level to another
30
Most cranial nerves enter/leave through which structure?
brain stem
31
What are the two large fibre bundles of the midbrain?
anteriorly the cerebral peduncles (tracks) and posteriorly the superior/inferior colliculi (little bumps)
32
Which cranial nerves are attached at the junction of the midbrain and the pons
CN III (oculomotor) and CN IV (trochlear)
33
Which structure bridges the cerebellar hemispheres?
pons
34
Which cranial nerves emerge from the anterior surface of the pons
CN V (trigeminal)
35
What is located behind the pons?
fourth ventricle and cerebellum
36
What is the medulla oblongata continuous with?
spinal cord
37
On the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata are the ______ medially and the _____ laterally
pyramids, olives
38
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
coordination
39
What is the cerebellum connected to the brain stem via?
large middle cerebellar peduncles
40
The spinal cord extends in the vertebral canal from the _______ down to _______.
foramen magnum to L1/2
41
How many sets of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and leave through the intervertebral foramina?
32
42
The spinal cord tapers at the _______________.
conus medullaris
43
What attaches the conus medullaris to the sacrum?
filum terminale (thread like)
44
The nerves that exit below L2 form which structure?
cauda equina
45
What are the thickenings of the spinal cord called?
cervical and lumbar enlargements
46
The anterior horns in the spinal cord are responsible for what?
motor function
47
The posterior horns in the spinal cord are responsible for what?
sensory function
48
The intermediate horn for the sympathetic nervous system is between...
T1 and L2
49
The white matter is arranged into which three columns?
posterior, lateral and anterior funiculi
50
The ventricles are continuous with the narrow central canal of the _________.
spinal cord
51
The anterior horn of the lateral ventricles is located in which lobe?
frontal lobe
52
The posterior horn of the lateral ventricles is located in which lobe?
occipital lobe
53
The inferior horn of the lateral ventricles is located in which lobe?
temporal lobe
54
The body of the lateral ventricles is located in which lobe?
parietal lobe
55
What are the choroid plexuses filled with?
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
56
What connects the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle?
foramina of monro
57
What joins the third and fourth ventricle?
aqueduct of sylvius
58
In the lateral recesses of the fourth ventricle are the ________.
foramina of luschka
59
What is located at the inferior angle of the fourth ventricle?
foramen of magendie
60
The CSF travels from the ventricles to the _________ via the foramen of luschka+magendie
subarachnoid space
61
The CNS is encased in three layers of specialized connective tissue; they are...
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
62
The dura mater is located...
outside of the brain and spinal cord
63
The dura mater invaginates into the sagital fissure to form the _________.
falx cerebri
64
The dura mater invaginates into the horizontal fissure to form the _________.
tentorium cerebelli
65
What is the name of the fat-filled space between the skull and the vertebral column
epidural space
66
What is the name of the layer that is thin and filmy that contains the blood vessels
arachnoid layer
67
The CSF circulates in the __________.
subarachnoid space
68
What connects the arachnoid and pia mater?
denticulate ligaments
69
Which layer is attached to the superficial cortex and the outer surface of the spinal cord?
pia mater
70
The functions of the CSF are...
metabolic and protective
71
The CSF circulates all around the CNS in the subarachnoid space, providing a _______.
shock absorptive function
72
The arachnoid mater penetrates through the dura into which structure?
superior sagital sinus
73
What are the large openings of the subarachnoid space called?
cisterns
74
What is the name of the opening that is created when the spinal cord terminates at L1/2 and the dura and arachnoid mater extend into the sacrum
lumbar cistern (spinal tap or lumbar puncture performed here)
75
The brain receives blood from which two sources?
carotid and vertebral arteries
76
The vertebral arteries connect to form the ________.
basilar artery
77
The basilar artery splits into the two _________.
posterior cerebral arteries
78
The single _______ joins the two anterior cerebral arteries.
anterior communicating artery
79
The paired ________ joins the middle and posterior cerebral arteries.
posterior communicating artery
80
The communicating arteries form the _______ around the pituitary gland.
circle of willis
81
The anterior/posterior cerebral arteries supply which surface of the brain?
sagital
82
The anterior/posterior cerebral arteries supply the _______ of the outer cortex.
periphery
83
The ______ comes through the lateral fissure and supplies the centre of the brain.
middle cerebral artery
84
The cerebellum is supplied by which arteries?
superior and inferior cerebellar arteries
85
The spinal cord gets blood from where?
vertebral arteries at the superior end and from the aorta lower down
86
The veins of the brain empty into the _______ sinuses which drain into the _______ vein.
dural venous sinuses, internal jugular vein
87
What is the somatic peripheral nervous system responsible for?
voluntary motor control and general sensation information
88
The somatic peripheral nervous system consists of ___ paris of spinal nerves and ___ pairs of cranial nerves
31/32 spinal nerves, 12 cranial nerves
89
The dorsal root of the nerve...
receives sensory information
90
The ventral root of of the nerve...
sends motor information
91
Why are the sacral nerves unique?
split into rami before exiting the foramina
92
The cell bodies of the the motor nerves are located where?
anterior horn; axons run into the ventral root
93
The cell bodies of the sensory nerves are found in the ...
dorsal root ganglia
94
The spinal nerves are classified ________ according to their spinal levels
alphanumerically
95
C1-C8
cervical nerves; exit above the corresponding vertebrae
96
T1-T12
thoracic nerves; exit below the corresponding vertebrae
97
L1-L5
lumbar nerves; exit below the corresponding vertebrae
98
S1-S5
sacral nerves; exit below corresponding vertebrae
99
The autonomic peripheral nervous system...
provides involuntary motor control and visceral sensory perception
100
The dorsal columns are made up of the _______ and are responsible for...
fasciculus gracilis+cuneatus, carry out all major sensory information that the brain needs
101
Define ipsilateral.
fibres that stay on the same side
| all fibres eventually cross over
102
Define contralateral
fibres that cross over
103
Which senses are carried out in the dorsal columns?
discriminatory (fine) touch, joint position (proprioception), vibration
104
Which senses are carried out in the anterolateral columns?
non-discriminatory (crude) touch, pain, temperature
105
The fibres of the dorsal columns run from...
below T6
106
The fibres of the lower limb travel in the ________.
fasciculus gracilis
107
The fibres of the upper limb (above T6) travel in the __________.
fasciculus cuneatus
108
The fibres of the dorsal column synapse on the secondary neurons in the lower medulla in the _____________.
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
109
Where do the axons in the dorsal columns crossover and become contralateral?
nucleus gracilis
110
Where do the axons of the dorsal columns synapse for the second time?
thalamus
111
Where does the dorsal column pathway end?
postcentral gyrus in the sensory cortex
112
The axons of the anterolateral column synapse in the...
dorsal horn
113
The anterolateral pathway goes into the brain stem and attaches to the ______.
medial leminscus
114
The anterolateral column axons synapse a second time in the ______ and travel to the _______.
thalamus, postcentral gyrus
115
The descending motor pathways are responsible for...
initiate movement in the muscles
116
Which is the most direct motor pathway?
corticospinal tract
117
Where do most of the fibres crossover to form the lateral corticospinal tract?
lower medulla
118
The fibres that remain ipsilateral form the ....
anterior corticospinal tract
119
All corticospinal fibres terminate in the ______ and synapse with the ________.
anterior horn, large anterior horn neurons
120
Which tracts make up the extra pyramidal system?
rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal tracts
121
The olfactory nerves (CN I) synapse in the ______.
olfactory bulb
122
What is the rhinencephalon?
part of the brain where the 2nd neuron is synapsed
123
Which nerves come from the retina and pass back through the optic canal?
optic nerve (CN II)
124
Where do the two optic nerves meet/cross?
optic chiasm
125
What happens if you lose the optic chiasm
tunnel vision, no peripheral
126
Which nerves emerge from the brain stem?
CN III, IV, VI
127
Which muscles do the oculomotor nerves (CNIII) supply?
superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris
128
The trochlear nerves (CN IV) supply which muscle?
superior oblique
129
The abducens nerves (CN VI) supply this muscle.
lateral rectus
130
The extraocular nerves (CN III, IV, VI) exit through what?
superior orbital fissure
131
Which nerve directly arises from the pons?
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
132
Where does the opthalamic component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V1) exit?
superior orbital fissure
133
Where does the maxillary component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2) exit?
foramen rotundum
134
Where does the madnibular component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3) exit?
foramen ovale
135
What are each of the components of the trigeminal nerve for?
opthalmic - forehead
maxillary - cheek
mandibular - jaw
136
Which cranial nerve passes through the internal acoustic meatus?
facial nerve (CN VII)
137
How does the facial nerve exit the skull?
stylomastoid foramen
138
The facial nerve provides parasympathetic supply to which glands?
submandibular, sublingual, lacrimal
139
Which nerve exits the brain stem lateral to CN VII and enters the internal acoustic meatus?
vestibulococlear nerve (CN VIII)
140
Which nerve brings sensory information regarding sound and position back from the internal ear?
vestibulococlear nerve (CN VIII)
141
What is the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) attached to?
medulla below the exit of CN VIII
142
CN IX provides __________ to the parotid glands, __________ to the stylopharnygeus muscle, and ________ to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
parasympathetic innervation, motor innervation, sensory innervation
143
Which nerve is the great parasympathetic nerve of the thorax and abdomen?
vagus nerve (CN V)
144
Where does CN X exit?
jugular foramen
145
Which cranial nerves exit the spinal cord at the upper cervical levels (neck)
spinal accessory (CN XI)
146
Which nerve arises from the rootlets that exit between the pyramid and olive of the medulla?
hypoglossal (CNXII)
147
What is CN XII responsible for?
extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
148
Which nervous system is considered the unconscious motor component of the visceral nervous system?
autonomic nervous system
149
What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?
smooth muscle of the viscers, glands and blood vessels
150
Sympathetic nerves arise from ...
T1-L2
151
Parasympathetic nerves originate from which cranial nerves?
CN III, VII, IX ,X and sacral levels S2-4
152
Where do the sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate and exit?
originate: intermediate horn of the grey matter
exit: anterior ventral root
153
Preganglionic neurons enter the sympathetic trunk via the ________ and exit via the ________.
white ramus communicans, grey ramus communicans
154
Where are the sympathetic trunks located?
on each side of the vertebral column
155
The sympathetic ganglia run from which levels?
C1-S5
156
What does somatotopic mean?
top part of the body is served by the top, bottom is served by the bottom
157
The superior cervical ganglion represents...
C1-4
158
The middle cervical ganglion represents...
C5-6
159
The inferior cervical ganglion represents...
C7-8
160
The most inferior two coccygeal ganglia fuse in midline to form which structure?
ganglion impar
161
Where do the nerves to the skin and blood vessels of the limbs, body walls, head and neck synapse?
sympathetic trunk
162
What are the three ways the sympathetic nerves will synapse?
1. synapse in the sympathetic trunk ganglion at the same level they exited the spinal cord
2. travel superiorly to synapse at a higher-level (head, neck, upper limbs)
3. travel inferiorly to synapse in the sympathetic trunk (skin, arteries of the badomen, pelvis and lower limbs)
163
At what level does white rami exit?
T1-L2
164
Where do the splanchnic nerves travel?
viscera
165
The preganglionic nerves of the lung and somer heart innervation synapse at ...
its own level and goes directly to the appropriate plexus
166
The pregnaglionic nerves of the head, neck and rest of the hear synapse at...
- travel superiorly
| - synapse in the trunk
167
The preganglionic nerves of the bladder and reproductive organs synpase at...
-descend to the inferior lumbar and sacral levels
168
The preganglionic neurons of the GI tract synapse at...
- pass directly through the corresponding sympathetic ganglion and emerge anteromedially
- synpase in the abdominal preaortic ganglia or the renal ganglia
169
Which cranial nerve carries efferent neurones for the pupil and lens muscles?
oculomotor (CN III)
170
Which cranial nerves serve the salivary and lacrimal glands?
facial (CN II) and glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
171
Which cranial nerve sends preganglionic fibers to the viscera of the thorax and abdomen as well as to the GI tract 2/3 along the length of the transverse colon?
vagus (CN X)
172
Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves arise from?
S2-4
173
What level are the greater splanchnic nerves?
T5-9 (supplies the foregut)
174
What level supplies the midgut?
T10-11 (lesser splanchnic)
175
What level supplies the kidneys?
T12
176
What level supplies the hindgut?
L1-2 (lumbar splanchnics)
177
The sympathetic innervation of the organs above the diaphragm is from...
the upper ganglia in the sympathetic trunk C1-T4
178
The head and neck receive preganglionic fibres from ...
T1
179
The thoracic organs receive innervation from ...
T1-4
180
The pathway to the lungs is via ______ with the postganglionic fibres originating in the trunk at the same levels
T2-4
181
Which splanchnics are considered the thoracic splanchnic nerves?
greater, lesser, and least thoracic and lumbar splanchnics
182
The fibres for the abdomen originate in the...
thoracic splanchnic nerves
183
The lest splanchnic nerve goes to the kidney and synapses in the __________.
ganglia of the renal plexuses
184
The greater thoracic splanchnic nerve synapses in the ______ to innervate the foregut (stomach and first part of the duodenum).
celiac ganglion
185
The lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve supplies the ________ via the superior mesenteric ganglion.
midgut (remainder of the duodenum and the small and large intestine as far as 2/3 along the transverse colon)
186
The _________ innervate the hindgut (rest of the GI) and synapse on the inferior mesenteric ganglion.
lumbar splanchnic nerves
187
Where does the pelvis receive postganglionic fibres from?
lower paravertebral ganglia and small ganglia located near the target organs
188
What supplies the smooth muscle in the pharynx and larynx as well as all the organs in the thorax
vagus nerve
