CH 2: Pharmacologic Principles

Question 1

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the same of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.

Example: 1 + 1 = 2 (compare with synergistic effects)

Answer 1

Additive effects

Question 2

Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication

Answer 2

Adverse drug event

Question 3

Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose)

Answer 3

Adverse drug reaction

Question 4

A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs

Answer 4

Adverse effects

Question 5

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

Answer 5

Agonist

Question 6

An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting form the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event

Answer 6

Allergic reaction

Question 7

A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Also called receptors

Answer 7

Antagonists

Question 8

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (1 + 1 equals less than 2); it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another

Answer 8

Antagonistic effects

Question 9

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%)

Answer 9

Bioavailability

Question 10

One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Known as a metabolism

Answer 10

Biotransformation

Question 11

The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g., bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen.

Answer 11

Blood-brain barrier

Question 12

The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug

Answer 12

Chemical name

Question 13

Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, which renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

Answer 13

Contraindication

Question 14

The general name for a large class of enzymes that plays a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

Answer 14

Cytochrome P-450

Question 15

A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug

Answer 15

Dependence

Question 16

The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation

Answer 16

Dissolution

Question 17

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

Answer 17

Drug

Question 18

The processes involved in the integration between a drug and body cells (e.g., the action of a drug on a receptor protein); also called mechanism of action.

Answer 18

Drug actions

Question 19

A method of grouping drugs; may be based on structure or therapeutic use

Answer 19

Drug classification

Question 20

The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. Can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug

Answer 20

Drug effects

Question 21

The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus cause by the toxic effects of drugs

Answer 21

Drug-induced teratogenesis

Question 22

Alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs

Answer 22

Drug interaction

Question 23

The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

Answer 23

Duration of action

Question 24

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s physiologic processes, as well as those related to drug metabolism

Answer 24

Enzymes

Question 25

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed form the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream

Answer 25

First-pass effect

Question 26

The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Name Council. Also called the nonproprietary name. Much shorter and simpler- not protected by trademark

Answer 26

Generic name

Question 27

A hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs

Answer 27

Glucose-6-phospahte dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

Question 28

In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%

Answer 28

Half-life

Question 29

An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient

Answer 29

Idiosyncratic reaction

Question 30

The characteristic that causes two parental drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at the least one of the drugs

Answer 30

Incompatibility

Question 31

Within an artery

Answer 31

Intraarterial

Question 32

Within a joint

Answer 32

Intraarticular

Question 33

Within a sheath (e.g., the theca of the spinal cord, as in an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space)

Answer 33

Intrathecal

Question 34

Any preventable adverse drug even involving inappropriate medication us by a patient or health care professional; in may or may not cause patient harm

Answer 34

Medication error

Question 35

The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects

Answer 35

Medication use process

Question 36

Chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving a parent drug. Active- are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive Inactive- lack of pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from he body

Answer 36

Metabolite

Question 37

Time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

Answer 37

Onset of action

Question 38

A transporter protein that moves drugs out of cells and into the gut, urine, or bile

Answer 38

P-glycoprotein

Question 39

The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body not its active or inactive metabolite. No pharmacologically active itself is called a prodrug. Prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites

Answer 39

Parent drug

Question 40

The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body

Answer 40

Peak effect

Question 41

The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

Answer 41

Peak level

Question 42

The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design

Answer 42

Pharmaceutics

Question 43

The study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the effect of the drug on the body

Answer 43

Pharmacodynamics

Question 44

The study of economic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy

Answer 44

Pharacoeconomics

Question 45

The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes

Answer 45

Pharmacogenomics

Question 46

The study of dugs that are obtained form natural plant and animal sources

Answer 46

Pharmocognosy

Question 47

The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body. Represent the drug absorption into, distribution and metabolism within, and excretion from the body.

Answer 47

Pharmacokinetics

Question 48

The broadest term for the study or science of drugs

Answer 48

Pharmacology

Question 49

The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs

Answer 49

Pharmacotherapeutics

Question 50

An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body

Answer 50

Prodrug

Question 51

The first form of a drug, or first in a class of drugs. Will be denoted as a "key drug"

Answer 51

Prototypical drug

Question 52

A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. They bind specific substances (drug molecules) and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug action) occur as a result of this drug-receptor interaction

Answer 52

Receptor

Question 53

The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

Answer 53

Steady state

Question 54

Substances (e.g., drugs or natural biochemicals in the body) on which an enzyme acts

Answer 54

Substrates

Question 55

Drug interaction in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater that the sum of the individual effect of the same drugs given alone. Example: 1 + 1 is greater than 2 (compare with additive effects)

Answer 55

Synergistic effects

Question 56

The process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient's drug exposure to allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity

Answer 56

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Question 57

The desired or intended effect of a particular medication

Answer 57

Therapeutic effect

Question 58

The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentration of a drug

Answer 58

Therapeutic index

Question 59

Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

Answer 59

Tolerance

Question 60

The quality of being poisonous (i.e., injurious to health or dangerous to life)

Answer 60

Toxic

Question 61

The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities

Answer 61

Toxicity

Question 62

The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments

Answer 62

Toxicology

Question 63

The commercial name given to a drug products by its manufacturer; also called the proprietary name

Answer 63

Trade name

Question 64

The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level usually measures in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

Answer 64

Trough level