ch 2: pharmacology principles Flashcards
(34 cards)
what is pharmacokinetics? what does ADME mean?
- what our body does to the drug
- absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
what is pharmacodynamics?
what the drug does to the body
what is pharmaceutic? where does this occur? what happens during this?
- drug becomes a solution to cross the membrane
- GI tract
- disintegration and dissolution
what is passive transport?
when drugs move throughout the body through diffusion
what is active transport?
when drugs move throughout the body with a carrier such as an enzyme or protein
what is a free drug? what can these drugs do that bound drugs cannot?
- any drug that is not bound to a protein
- can cross the membrane and be used by the body
how do lipid soluble drugs get across the blood brain barrier? water soluble?
- diffusion (passive transport)
- enzymes or proteins (active transport)
can drugs cross the placenta? what can drugs being taken during pregnancy cause?
- yes
- spontaneous abortions and altered fetal development
what is the therapeutic index?
ratio between the safe toxic dose and the therapeutic dose
what is the onset? peak? duration of action?
- time it takes for drug to reach minimum effect
- it reaches its highest concentration in the blood
- length of time it takes for the drug to exert a therapeutic effect
what are the four receptor families?
- cell membrane embedded enzymes (kinase linked)
- ligand-gated ion channels
- G protein-coupled receptor systems
- transcription factors (in DNA)
what organs are cholinergic receptors found in?
- heart
- eyes
- bladder
- blood vessels
- stomach
- bronchi
what does nonselective drug mean?
the drug has multiple receptors
what does selective drug mean?
the drug has one receptor
what are excipients?
used in drug preparation to allow the drug to take on a particular size and shape and to enhance drug dissolution
what is the first pass effect?
- in the liver, drugs are metabolized to an inactive form and are excreted
- reducing the amount of active drug available to exert a pharmacologic effect
what is bioavailability?
% of administered drug available for activity
what is a loading dose?
a large initial dose
what is pharmacogenomics?
the study of how a person’s genetics play a role in their response to drugs
what is tachyphylaxis?
an acute, rapid decrease in response to and drug
what is an additive effect?
the sum of the effects of the two drugs together
what is the synergistic effect? what is an example of this?
- the clinical effect of two drugs given together is substantially greater than that of either drug alone
- alcohol with a sedative
what are antagonist effects? what are some examples?
- when two drugs given together cancel out each others effects
- morphine overdose, give naloxone
- heparin overdose, give protamine sulfate
what are the most common side effects of drug drug interactions?
- nausea
- headache
- heartburn
- lightheadedness
