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CH 2 RCQ Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume that can be taken in past tidal volume

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2
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume of air that can be let out beyond normal tidal exhalation

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3
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air remaining in the lungs post forceful expiration

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4
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

sum of tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes

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5
Q

functional residual capacity

A

sum of expiratory reserve and residual volume

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6
Q

lay term of inspiratory capacity

A

max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal exhalation

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7
Q

lay terms of functional residual capacity

A

amount of air in lungs at the end of a normal tidal exhalation

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8
Q

vital capacity

A

inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve volume

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9
Q

lay term of vital capacity

A

max amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inhalation

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10
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of all pulmonary volumes

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11
Q

what are central chemoreceptors focused on

A

CO2 concentrations rising in the CSF

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12
Q

response of central chemoreceptors

A

increase depth and rate of ventilation
- more basic pH

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13
Q

what do peripheral receptors respond to

A

increased CO2 and decreased O2 levels in blood

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14
Q

response of peripheral receptors

A

increase ventilation

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15
Q

where are central vs peripheral chemoreceptors

A

central - upper medulla
peripheral - aortic arch / carotid artery

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16
Q

where are irritant receptors

A

epithelial layer of conducting airways

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17
Q

what do irritant receptors respond to? how do they do this?

A

noxious gasses, particulate matter, irritants

coughing reflex
bronchial constriction
increased ventilatory rate

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18
Q

where are stretch receptors

A

smooth muscles lining airways

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19
Q

what are stretch receptors sensitive to?

A

stretch of the lung due to volume changes

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20
Q

what is the hering-bruer reflex

A

ventilatory rate and volume decreasing due to stretch of the lung

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21
Q

how does the hering-bruer reflex change in children vs adults

A

child - more active and more sensitive

adult - only active with large increases in tidal volume, protects from over inflation

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22
Q

where are juxtapulmonary receptors

A

near pulmonary capillaries

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23
Q

what are juxtapulmonary receptors sensitive to? how do they respond?

A

increased pulmonary capillary pressure

initiate rapid, shallow breathing

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24
Q

how do juxtapulmonary receptors respond in those with pulmonary edema/effusion

A

cough reflex enacted

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25
how do joint/muscle receptors change respiration
movement in joints will lead to 2x increased minute ventilation
26
explain the ventilation response to exercise? why is the change like this?
initial - abrupt following a gradual increase abrupt increase due to sensory input from peripheral receptors and pH changes due to lactic acid production
27
normal vs mechanical ventilation
normal - air brought into the lungs by negative intrapulmonary pressure caused by muscle activation mechanical - air is forced into the lungs via positive pressure being greater than the atmospheric pressure in the lung
28
lung compliance
distensibility capacity of lung tissue - change in lung volume / change in pleural pressure
29
what reduces/increases lung compliance
reduce - distension resistance increase - lack of recoil
30
what is elasticity of the lungs
tendency of a structure to return to its original size
31
what allows for lung elasticity
elastin/collagen fiber networks within alveolar walls that surround bronchi and pulmonary capillaries
32
what is surface tension
tension at the air-liquid interface on the alveolar surface
33
what causes surface tension
water molecules on alveolar surfaces being more attracted to water molecules than air molecules
34
what will surface tension do if not checked
collapse the alveolus and increase the pressure of air within them
35
shunt
areas of the lung where there is greater perfusion than ventilation
36
dead space
areas of the lung with greater ventilation compared to perfusion
37
what is the result of a mismatched ventilation-perfusion matching
hypoxia and reduced oxygen in peripheral tissues
38
4 ways hemoglobin can exist
oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin methemoglobin carboxyhemoglobin
39
oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin bound to oxygen iron heme is in reduced state
40
deoxyhemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin molecule that has released O2 to tissue
41
methemoglobin
iron is oxidized and cannot bind to oxygen
42
carboxyhemoglobin
heme binds to CO instead of O2 - oxygen is displaced and is not able to bind
43
what is the driving factor for venous blood return
pressure differences in peripheral vs central vasculature
44
pressure in peripheral vs central venous vasculature
peripheral - higher pressure central - lower pressure - lowest at vena cava / rt atrium junction
45
what moves blood from peripheral veins to right atrium
muscle pumps vasoconstriction deep breathing --> driving blood from abdominal to thoracic cavity
46
most important function of the pulmonary system
exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between environment, blood and tissue
47
how much ATP is made in aerobic metabolism
36
48
pulmonary pathology most specifically affects one's
energy production - reduced exercise tolerance too
49
3 main functions of the lungs
O2/CO2 exchange temperature homeostasis filtration/metabolization of toxic substances
50
how is temperature regulated by the pulmonary system
evaporation heat loss of the lungs
51
value associated with tidal volume
350-500 mL of air
52
minute ventilation at rest vs exercise
rest - 5 L/min exercise - 70-125 L/min
53
capacity
sum of 2 or more volumes
54
neurons in which part of the brainstem control automatic breathing
medulla oblongata pons
55
what does the medulla contain
inspiratory neurons expiratory neurons - forced expiration
56
two major portions of the pons
pneumotaxic center - upper apneustic center - lower
57
pneumotaxic center job
rhythm of ventilation balancing time periods of inspiration and expiration - done by inhibiting the apneustic center
58
apneustic center job
sustained/prolonged breathing patterns
59
afferent connections to the respiratory centers of brainstem
limbic system hypothalamus chemoreceptors lungs
60
hypercapnia
increased levels of carbon dioxide in blood
61
why is oxygen supplementation tricky for those with COPD
hypoxic drive has taken control over breathing by responding to oxygen receptors - supplemental oxygen will suppress hypoxic drive and decrease breathing rate
62
how does emphysema affect lung compliance
lack of recoil leads to reduced inward pull small changes in transmural pressure allows for hyperinflation of the lungs
63
two main components of diffusion
alveolar ventilation pulmonary perfusion
64
what is alveolar ventilation
air bringing in oxygen to lungs
65
pulmonary perfusion
blood receiving O2 and releasing CO2
66
upright position effect on perfusion
perfusion is greatest at base of lung compared to apices
67
prone position effect on ventilation perfusion matching
ventilation increases to posterior bases
68
how is oxygen transported
mostly by binding to hemoglobin (98%) dissolved in plasma (<2%)
69
gold standard of measuring oxyhemoglobin saturation
analysis of arterial blood gasses
70
normal hemoglobin levels for males and females
male - 13-18 g/dL female - 12-16 g/dL
71
how is carbon dioxide transported
dissolved in plasma carbaminohemoglobin bicarbonate ion
72
how is ejection fraction calculated/ what is a normative value?
Systolic / End Diastolic Vol 60-70% of blood per contraction
73
hormones associated with vasoconstriction
norepinephrine epinephrine angiotensin II vasopressin
74
hormones associated with vasodilation
bradykinin histamine
75
role of nitric oxide
vasodilation - released in response to chemical/physical stimuli of endothelium
76
those taking drugs containing nitrate derivatives experience
dilation of blood vessels throughout the entire body due to nitric oxide being broken down and released -- what will be taken if they have ischemic heart disease

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