Ch 2 Terms Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Term applied to the science of the structure of the body
2
Q
Physiology
A
The study of the function of the body organs
3
Q
Osteology
A
The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
4
Q
Body Planes
A
Imaginary planes that subdivide the body in reference to anatomic position
5
Q
List of Fundamental planes
A
Sagittal, coronal, horizontal, oblique
6
Q
Sagittal planes
A
Pass thru vertically from front to back, divide the body into right and left segments
7
Q
Midsagittal plane (MSP)
A
Specific sagittal plane that passes through midline and divide the body into equal right and left halves
8
Q
Coronal planes
A
Pass through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
9
Q
Midcoronal plane (MCP)
A
Also called midaxillary plane, specific plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
10
Q
Horizontal planes
A
Pass crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis, divides body into superior and inferior portions, also called transverse, axial, or cross-sectional planes
11
Q
Oblique planes
A
Pass through a body part at a 45 degree angle
12
Q
Interiliac plane
A
Special body plane, transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests
13
Q
Occlusal plane
A
Special body plane, formed by biting the surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
14
Q
Two great body cavities
A
Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
15
Q
Thoracic cavity
A
Contains lungs, pleural membrane, trachea, esophagus, heart and great vessels
16
Q
Abdominal cavity
A
Contains liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters, major blood vessels
17
Q
Pelvic cavity
A
Contains rectum, urinary bladder, part of the reproductive system
18
Q
Abdomen is bordered superiorly by the
A
Diaphragm
19
Q
Abdomen is bordered inferiority by
A
Superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)
20
Q
Abdomen divided in two methods
A
Quadrants and regions
21
Q
Four quadrants of the abdomen
A
Right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant
22
Q
Body habitus
A
The common variations in the shape of the human body
23
Q
Why is body habitus important in radiography?
A
Habitus determines size, shape, and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
24
Q
Organs affected by body habitus
A
Heart, lungs, diaphragm, stomach, colon, gallbladder
25
Four major types of body habitus
Sthenic, hyposthenic, asthenic, hypersthenic (Box 3-1 in text)
26
Functions of bones
Muscle attachments, mechanical base for movement, protection of organs, support frame for body, storage for calcium and other salts, production of red and white blood cells
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Number of bones in the body
206
28
Number of bones in axial skeleton
80
29
Number of bones in appendicular skeleton
126
30
Function of the axial skeleton
Supports and protects the head and trunk
31
Function of the appendicular skeleton
Provides the means for movement
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Function of red marrow in bones
Produces red and white blood cells
33
Function of yellow marrow in bones
Stores fat cells
34
Medullary cavity
Central cavity of long bones, contained trabeculae filled with yellow marrow, red marrow found in ends of long bones
35
Spongy bone
Inner, less dense layer, contained a spiculated network called trabeculae (filled with red and yellow marrow)
36
Compact bone
Strong, dense outer layer
37
Periosteum
Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends
38
Endosteum
Lines marrow cavity
39
Ossification
Term that apples to the development and formation of bones
40
When does ossification begin?
The second month of embryonic life
41
Flat bones are formed by
Intramembranous ossification
42
Short, irregular, and long bones are created by
Endochondral ossification
43
Endochondral ossification occurs from which two distinct centers of development
Primary and secondary
44
Primary ossification begins when?
Before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones
45
Secondary ossification begins when?
After birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones called epiphyses
46
Classification of bones by shape
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
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Long bones
Consist of body and two enlarged articular ends (femur and humerus)
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Short bones
Consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone (carpal bones of wrist and tarsal bones of ankles)
49
Flat bones
Consist of two plates of compact bones (sternum and cranium)
50
Irregular bones
Peculiarly shaped (vertebrae and facial bones)
51
Sesamoid bones
Small and oval, develop inside and beside tendons, protect tendon from excessive wear (patella is largest)
52
Arthrology
Study of joints, or articulations between bones (either functional or structural)
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Functional classification based on mobility
Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly moveable), diarthroses (freely movable)
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Three groups of structural classification based on connective tissue
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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Fibrous joints
No joint cavity, United by fibrous and connective tissues and ligaments, strongest joints in the body (syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis)
56
Syndesmosis fibrous joint
Immovable or very slightly movable, United by fibrous sheets (inferior tibiofibular joint)
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Suture fibrous joint
Immovable joint only in the skull
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Gomphosis
Immovable joint only in roots of teeth
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Cartilaginous joints
No joint cavity, virtually immovable, two types are symphysis and synchondrosis
60
Symphysis cartilaginous joints
Slightly movable joint, separated by a pad of fibrocartilage, designed for strength and shock absorbency (pubic symphysis)
61
Synchondrosis cartilaginous joints
Immovable joint, United by rigid cartilage (epiphyseal plate)
62
Synovial joints
Permit wide range of motion, freely movable, complex joints enclosed by articular capsule
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Accessory soft tissues of synovial joints
Meniscus and bursae
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Six types of synovial joints
Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball and socket
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Gliding joint
Simplest synovial joint (intercarpal and intertarsal joints)
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Hinge joint
Permits flexion and extension only (elbow and knee)
67
Pivot joint
Allows rotation around a single axis ( atlantoaxial joint C1-C2 )
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Ellipsoid joint
Allows flexion, extension, abducation, adduction, and circumduction (radiocarpal or wrist joint)
69
Saddle joint
Movement similar to wrist joint(ellipsoid), difference is in the shape of the articular surfaces (carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb)
70
Ball and socket joint
Permits widest range of motion (hip and shoulder)
71
Processes or projections
Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone
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Depressions
Hollow or depressed areas in bone
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Fractures
A break in a bone
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Condyle process
Rounded process at an articulate end
75
Coracoid or coronoid process
Beak like or crownlike process
76
Crest process
Ridgelike process
77
Epicondyle process
Projection above a condyle
78
Facet process
Small smooth surfaces articular process
79
Hamulus process
Hook shaped process
80
Head process
Expanded end of a long bone
81
Horn process
Hornlike process
82
Line process
Linear elevation, not as prominent as a crest
83
Malleolus process
Club shaped process
84
Protuberance
Projecting prominence
85
Spine process
Sharp process
86
Styloid process
Long pointed process
87
Trochanter process
Either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur
88
Tubercle process
Small, rounded, and elevated process
89
Tuberosity process
Large, rounded, and elevated process
90
Fissure depression
Cleft or deep groove
91
Foramen depression
Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves
92
Fossa depression
Pit, fovea, or hollow space
93
Groove depression
Shallow linear channel
94
Meatus depression
Tubelike passageway
95
Notch depression
Indentation in the border of a bone
96
Sinus depression
Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space
97
Sulcus depression
Furrow or trench
98
4 types of fractures
Closed, open, nondisplaced, displaced
99
Common classifications of fractures (many fall into more than 1 category)
Compression, compound, comminuted, green stick, impacted, transverse, spiral, oblique, simple
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Anterior (ventral)
Forward or front part of the body or of a part
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Posterior (dorsal)
Back part of body or part
102
Caudad
Parts away from the head of the body
103
Cephalad or cephalic
Parts toward the head
104
Superior
Nearer the head or situated above
105
Inferior
Nearer the feet or situated below
106
Central
Mid area or main part of an organ
107
Peripheral
At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
108
Medial
Toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part
109
Lateral
Away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part
110
Superficial
Near the skin or surface
111
Deep
Far from the surface
112
Distal
Farthest from the point of attachment or origin
113
Proximal
Nearer to the point of attachment or origin
114
External
Outside the body or part
115
Internal
Inside the body or part
116
Parietal
The wall or lining of a body cavity
117
Visceral
The covering of an organ
118
Ipsilateral
Parts on the same side of the body
119
Contralateral
Parts on the opposite side of the body
120
Palmar
Palm of the hand
121
Plantar
Sole of the foot
122
Dorsum
Upper surface of a part, top of the foot or the back of the hand
123
CR meaning
Central ray
124
Projection
The path of the central ray as it exits the X-ray tube, passing through the patient to the IR
125
Position
Overall posture of the patient or general body position, also refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table, IR, or wall bucky
126
View
Used to describe the body part as seen by the IR, exact opposite of projection
127
Method
Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual
128
AP projection
Central ray (CR) enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior
129
PA projection
Central Ray or CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior
130
Axial Projection
Longitudinal angle of the Central Ray of 10 degrees or more
131
Tangential Projection
Central ray directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface
132
Lateral Projection
Central ray (CR) enters one side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane
133
Oblique Projection
Central Ray enters from side angle, must still specify entrance and exit surfaces (AP oblique, PA oblique)
134
Upright body position
Erect or vertical
135
Seated body position
Upright, but sitting on a stool
136
Recumbent body position
Lying down in any position
137
Supine position
Lying on the back
138
Prone position
Lying face down
139
Trendelenburg position
Supine (lying on back) with the head lower than the feet
140
Fowler position
Supine (lying on back) with the head elevated
141
Sims’ position
Recumbent (lying down) with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
142
Lithotomy position
Supine (lying on back) with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
143
Lateral position
Named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the IR
144
Oblique position
Body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR, angle of rotation specific for anatomy of interest
145
Decubitus position
Recumbent (lying down) position with a horizontal Central Ray, named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying
146
Lordotic position
Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward
147
Abduct or abduction
Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body
148
Adduct or adduction
Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body
149
Extension
Straightening of a joint
150
Flexion
Bending of a joint
151
Hyperextension
Forced or excessive extension
152
Hyperflexion
Forced overflexion
153
Evert/eversion
Outward turning of the foot at the ankle
154
Invert/inversion
Inward turning of the foot at the ankle
155
Pronate/pronation
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is down
156
Supinate/supination
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is up
157
Rotate/rotation
Turning of the body part around its axis, rotation of a limb is either medial (towards midline) or lateral (away from midline)
158
Circumduction
Circular movement of a limb
159
Tilt
Tipping or slanting a body part slightly
160
Deviation
To turn outwardly without rotating (hand on table, spin)
161
3 upper regions of the abdomen
right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium
162
3 middle regions of the abdomen
right lateral, umbilical, left lateral
163
lower 3 regions of the abdomen
right ingunial, hypogastrium, left inguinal
164
C1 landmark
Mastoid tip (by ear)
165
C2, C3 landmark
Gonion (jawline)
166
C3, C4 landmark
Hyoid Bone (upper neck)
167
C5 landmark
thyroid cartilage
168
C7, T1 landmark
vertebra prominens (neck bone)
169
T1 landmark
2 inches above level of jugular notch
170
T2, T3 landmark
level of jugular notch
171
T4, T5 landmark
Level of sternal angle
172
T7 landmark
Level of inferior angles of scapulae
173
T9, T10 landmark
level of xiphoid process (bottom of sternum)
174
L2, L3 landmark
inferior costal margin (above iliac crest)
175
L4, L5 landmarks
Level of superiormost aspect of iliac crests
176
S1, S2 landmarks
Level of anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
177
Coccyx landmark
Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters (lower pelvis)
178
Percentage of people with Sthenic body habitus
50%
179
Percentage of people with Hyposthenic body habitus
35%
180
Percentage of people with asthenic body habitus
10%
181
Percentage of people with hypersthenic body habitus
5%
182
Projection
direction of the beam
183
Decubitus
horizontal beam
184
Tangential
Positioning the beam to skim the outer edge of a body part (sunrise patella)
185
Fowlers
head above feet
186
Trandellenburg
feet above head
187
abduct
to move body part away from body
188
adduct
to move towards the body
189
eversion or evert
turn body part outwards
190
inversion
turn body part inwards
191
pronate
anterior on surface
192
supinate
posterior on surface
193
deviate
turn outwards or inwards while flat on surface, do not roll
194
dorsiflex
bring toes of foot towards head
195
planarflexion
point toews as far out as possible (gas pedal down)
