Ch. 20

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

• patterns exists in all organisms in that population
• genomes exist in many different forms in individuals

Question 2

Pangenome

Answer 2

• longer version of genomes
• union of all genomes in a clad

Question 3

Minimal genome organism

Answer 3

Organism that has been created from scratch, completely synthetic
- least amount of genes possible to get to the next generation
- minimum 473 genes to successfully reproduce

Question 4

YAC (yeast artificial chromosome)

Answer 4

• genetic kit that you can swap things in and out of the genome
• able to easily modify the chromosomes

Question 5

Functional genomics

Answer 5

Characterizes what the genetic sequences do

Question 6

Transcriptome

Answer 6

All the RNA molecules transcribed from a genome

Question 7

Proteome

Answer 7

All the proteins encoded by the genome

Question 8

Single celled sequences

Question 9

Homologs

Answer 9

Genes that are evolutionarily related

Question 10

Orthologs

Answer 10

Homologous genes in different species that evolved from the same gene in a common ancestor
DIFFERENT SPECIES

Question 11

Paralogs

Answer 11

Homologous genes arising by duplication of a single gene in the same organism
SAME SPECIES

Question 12

Gene expression and microarrays

Question 13

Nucleic acid hybridization

Answer 13

Using a known DNA fragment as a probe to find a complementary sequence

Question 14

Microarrays

Answer 14

Used to examine gene expression associated with disease progression
Each row in a microarray represents a tumor and non cancer cells from one patient

Question 15

RNA sequencing!!

Answer 15

• cellular RNA is isolated, converted to cDNA, sequenced, which provides info on the RNA transcripts present in the cell

Question 16

genome-wide mutagenesis

Answer 16

Mutagenesis screen
- when coupled with positional cloning, can be used to identify genes that affect a specific characteristic of function
- THINK! Car theory
—> knowing what the function is by breaking each component

Question 17

Prokaryotic genomes

Answer 17

Genome size and number of genes
Function of genes
Horizontal gene transfer

Question 18

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 18

Exchanging genetic information from closely related or distantly related species over evolutionary time

Question 19

The human genome

Answer 19

3.2 billion base pairs
Only 1.5% encodes proteins

Question 20

Gene Function

Answer 20

Almost 50% of genes’ functions are UNKNOWN

Question 21

Determination of Cellular Proteins

Answer 21

2D-PAGE
Mass spectrometry

Question 22

2D-PAGE

Answer 22

Two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Separated by charge, then mass, and then they are stained so you can see them (isolating from the gel)

Question 23

Proteomics

Question 24

Mass spectrometry

Answer 24

• used to identify proteins
• molecule is ionized, mitigation rate in electrical field determined, small molecules migrate more rapidly than larger molecules, the migration rate can accurately determine the mass of the molecule

Question 25

Affinity capture

Answer 25

Antibody to a specific protein is used to capture one protein from a complex mixture of proteins - determines sets of interacting proteins

Question 26

Chromatin amino precipitation

Answer 26

Cross link, add antibody, CHIP-SEEK

Question 27

Protein Microarrays

Answer 27

Allows us to determine sets of interacting proteins

Question 28

Structural proteomics

Answer 28

Determine the structures of all proteins