Ch 21 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
This branch of the nervous system is housed completely in the GI region
A
Enteric
2
Q
This term gastro refers to this structure
A
Stomach
3
Q
The chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into absorbable units is called
A
Digestion
4
Q
The general term for movement of material in the gastrointestinal tract caused by smooth muscle contraction is
A
Motility
5
Q
Movement of substances from cells into the gastrointestinal tract is called
A
Secretion
6
Q
Movement of substances from the gastrointestinal tract into the extracellular fluid is called
A
Absorption
7
Q
This type of smooth muscle activity occurs in order to help mix the contents in the GI tract
A
Segmentation
Or segmental contraction
8
Q
These structures in the mucosa of the GI tract are part of the gut associated lymphoid tissue (Galt) which contain immune system cells to protect from pathogens
A
Peyers patches
9
Q
The substance made up of the ingested food and secretions from the stomach is called
A
Chyme
10
Q
The mass of food that is moved along the GI tract is called a
A
Bolus
11
Q
Progressive waves of contractions that move through sections of the GI tract are called
A
Peristalsis
12
Q
To swallow
A
Deglutition
13
Q
To chew
A
Mastication.
14
Q
To take in food or drink is called
A
Ingestion
15
Q
Removal of material from the body
A
Elimination
16
Q
This phase of digestion occurs from stimulus such as sight smell taste of food and initiates food forward response
A
Cephalic phase
17
Q
This phase of digestion is when food enters stomach and initiates short reflexes
A
Gastric phase
18
Q
This phase of digestion is when chime enters the small intestines and chemical digestion starts
A
Intestinal phase
19
Q
These cells secrete enzymes into the stomach
A
Chief cells
20
Q
The pH of the gastric juice is approximately
A
2
21
Q
A proton pump inhibitor would act on transporters and these cells of the stomach
A
Parietall cells
22
Q
This enzyme breaks peptide bonds
A
Pepsin
23
Q
These gastric cells secrete hydrochloric acid into the lumen of the stomach
A
Parietall cells
24
Q
These cells use histamine as a paracrine In the gastric lining
A
Ecl cells
25
These cells secrete mucus and bicarbonate into the stomach
Mucous neck cells
26
Secretions from these cells play a critical role in negative feedback loop that regulate the secretion of acid into the stomach
D cells
27
That is packaged with cholesterol and protein to form this absorbable substance
Chylomicron
28
This enzyme breaks the bonds holding fatty acids to glycerol
Lipase
29
This enzyme breaks the bonds holding fatty acids to glycerol
Lipase
30
This secretion contains salts that can help break apart large fat globs into droplets
Bile
31
This substance is secreted by cells of the duodenum and pancreas to neutralize the pH of the chime entering from the stomach
Bicarbonate
32
The category of brush border enzymes that digest sucrose lactose and maltose are collectively called
Disaccharidases
33
This category of enzymes breaks internal bonds in a peptide chain
Endopeptidase
34
This enzyme activates pancreatic zymogens in small intestines
Trypsin
35
A pancreatic enzyme that is secreted in its inactive form is called a
Zymogen
36
Aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase fall into this category of enzymes
Exopeptidase
| Break off outside of chain
37
Absorbed fat enters the _____
Lymph
38
During absorption this transporter moves fructose across the luminal membrane of the intestinal mucosa cell
GLUT5
39
This transporter moves monosaccharides across the basilateral membrane of the intestinal mucosa cell
GLUT2
40
Transport of glucose and galactose across the luminal membrane relies on the activity of this transporter on the basolateral membrane
Sodium potassium pump
41
Name the types of polysaccharides that can be digested
Starch and glucogen
42
Name the enzymes that can digest the polysaccharides and identify where they are active in the GI tract
Salivary amylase (mouth)
Pancreatic amylase (small intestine)
43
Name the three disaccharides that can be digested and the enzymes that can digest each
Disaccharides:. Enzyme:
1) maltose 1) maltase
2) sucrose. 2) sucrase
3) lactose. 3) lactase
44
Where exactly are disaccharidases located
| Maltase, sucrase, and lactase
Brush border of small intestines
45
Name the three monosaccharides that can be absorbed
1) Glucose
2) fructose
3) galactose
46
Which specific fluid compartment do the monosaccharides enter upon absorption
Apical/luminal membrane
47
Where are most of the monosaccharides delivered following absorption
Into cells of the small intestine
48
Glucose is transported OUT of the lumen of the GI tract with this substance (co-transport)
Sodium glucose transporter
SGLT
49
This transporter is used to move galactose OUT of the lumen of the GI tract
Sodium glucose transporter
SGLT
50
Fructose is moved out of the lumen of the GI tract by this type of transporter
GLUT5
51
Glucose or galactose are moved out of the lumen of the GI tract by this TYPE of transport ( based on energy requirements)
Simple diffusion
52
The GLUT2 transporter moves these monosaccharides into the extracellular fluid
Glucose galactose and fructose
53
Glucose and galactose are moved INTO the extra cellular fluid by this process ( based on energy requirements)
Secondary active transport
54
Where is secondary active transport of glucose and galactose taking place in the GI tract
Small intestines
55
What molecules act on fat to break it into smaller droplets (fig 21.16)
Bile salt
56
What is the process of making small fat droplets called (21.16)
Emulsification
57
What is a complex form of a lipid molecule called
Triglyceride
58
What are the enzymes that can act on triglycerides (2)
Pancreatic lipase
Colipase
59
What is a triglyceride molecule broken down into in the GI tract
1 monoglyceride
+
2 fatty acids
60
Where in the GI tract is the breakdown of triglycerides happening
Cell of the small intestine
61
What is the source of bile (where is it made)
The liver
62
The fatty acids and glyceride molecules enter the cells in the walls of the GI tract and are reassembled into what molecule
Back to a triglyceride
63
After triglyceride is reassembled in the GI tract it comes together with these two molecules
Protein
Cholesterol
64
When triglyceride comes together with protein and cholesterol they form a complex called a _____ which enters the length
Chylomicron
65
This type of enzyme breaks peptide bonds at the ends of the peptide
Exopeptidase
66
This type of enzymes breaks internal peptide bonds in a peptide
Endopeptidase
67
The name of the enzyme that breaks peptide bonds at the amine end of the peptide chain is
Amino peptidase
68
The name of the enzyme that breaks peptide bonds at the carboxyl end of the peptide chain is
Carboxypeptidase
69
Name the enzymes that break internal peptide bonds (3 endopeptidase)
1) pepsin
2) chymotrypsin
3) Trypsin
70
Name the brush border proteases
Aminopeptidase
71
Name the pancreatic proteases
Carboxypeptidase
72
These peptides are transported out of the lumen of the GI tract with hydrogen (2)
Dipeptides
Tripeptides
73
Based on energy requirements what type of transport is involved in the exchange of sodium and hydrogen on the luminal membrane (fig 21.18)
Secondary active transport
74
Small peptides are transported across the cell by this process
This transport is actually made up of two processes in one
One on luminal membrane and the other on the basilateral membrane name them in order
1) endocytosis (luminal)
2) exocytosis (basolateral)
=
Transcytosis
75
Amino acids and sodium are transported across the basilateral membrane by this process based only on the number of substances being moved
Co transport
76
Amino acids and sodium are transported across the luminal membrane by this process
(Based only on the number and direction of substances being moved)
Symport
77
Amino acids and small peptides / proteins are absorbed into this fluid compartment
Hepatic portal vein
78
Where will most of the amino acids and peptides be delivered in the body
Liver
79
In the stomach gastrin somatostatin and histamine act as this type of signal molecule
Neurohormone
80
When released this hormone slows digestion by inhibiting gastric emptying and hydrogen secretion
Cholecystokinin
81
The stimulus for the release of the hormone cholecystokinin is
Fatty acid and amino acid
82
The action of cholecystokinin hormone includes feeling full the technical term for feeling full is
Satiety
83
What are two hormones that promote feeling full
Cholecystokinin
GLP 1
84
Salivary amylase found in the mouth targets what biomolecule class
Carbohydrates
85
Salivary lipase found in the mouth targets digestion of what biomolecule class
Lipids and fat ( minimal)
86
Does the esophagus contribute to digestion
No
87
Does digestion take place in the esophagus
Yes
salivary amylases continues working on digestion
88
What secretions are found in the stomach
Gastric juices:
Hydrochloride pepsinogen gastric lipase mucus bicarbonate and other substances
89
What biomolecule class does the stomach predominantly digest
Protein
Tertiary breakdown to peptide bond chains
90
Where in the body does most digestion/absorption take place
Small intestines
91
What secretions are found in the small intestines
Bile pancreatic juice enzymes bicarbonate pancreatic amylase
92
What biomolecule class does the small intestines digest
Proteins (broken down to peptide bonds)
Carbs
Fat (main site for digestion)
93
In this intestinal reflex there is increased gastric activity and increased ilium motility
Gastroileal reflex
94
In this intestinal reflex there is ilium distention and decreased gastric motility
Ileogastric reflex
95
In this intestinal reflex there is extreme distention of one segment and increased relaxation of other segments
Intestino - intestinal reflexes
96
These fatty acid complexes migrate to brush border membranes (phospholipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, monoglycerides, diglycerides fatty acids)
Micelles
97
Hydrogen is a proton this class of drugs inactivates them
Proton pump inhibitor
Prilosec nexium protonix
98
Do we break down food molecules into individual atoms
No
Food starts: (protein carbs lipids)
We break down to:
(Amino acids, monosaccharides, glycerol, fatty acids, nucleotides)
