ch 21+23

Question 1

nucleons

Answer 1

particles that exist in the nucleus (protons and neutrons)

Question 2

isotopes have different ——-

Answer 2

masses

Question 3

radionuclides

Answer 3

radioactive nuclei

Question 4

alpha decay

Answer 4

loss of an alpha particle (He nucleus)

Question 5

beta decay

Answer 5

loss of a beta particle

Question 6

gamma decay

Answer 6

loss of high energy radiation

Question 7

electron capture

Answer 7

an electron from the surrounding electron cloud is absorbed into the nucleus

Question 8

positron emission

Answer 8

nucleus emits a positron

Question 9

positron

Answer 9

a particle that has the same mass as an electron but an opposite charge

Question 10

alpha particle

Answer 10

+2 charge

Question 11

beta particle

Answer 11

-1 charge

Question 12

gamma particle

Answer 12

neutral charge

Question 13

an atom w/ more than —— proton will have repulsions between protons

Answer 13

one

Question 14

stable nuclei typically have a ——- proton to neutron ratio

Answer 14

one to one

Question 15

belt of stability

Answer 15

shows us which nuclides are stable

Question 16

nuclei with an ——- number of protons and neutrons tend to be more stable

Answer 16

even

Question 17

a nucleus can change identity if….

Answer 17

struck by a neutron or by another nucleus

Question 18

elements after —— were discovered by bombarding isotopes w/ neutrons

Answer 18

uranium

Question 19

synthetics have a —– half life

Answer 19

shorter

Question 20

geiger counter

Answer 20

measures the amount of activity present in a radioactive sample

Question 21

phosphors

Answer 21

substances that absorb radioactivity and emit light

Question 22

radiotracers

Answer 22

radioisotopes used to study a chemical reaction

Question 23

mass defect

Answer 23

mass difference

Question 24

nuclear binding energy

Answer 24

energy needed to separate a nucleus into its individual nucleons

Question 25

fission

Answer 25

heavy nuclei gets split into smaller nuclei

Question 26

fusion

Answer 26

smaller nuclei come together

Question 27

commercial nuclear plants use...

Answer 27

fission

Question 28

critical mass

Answer 28

minimum mass required for a chain reaction to occur

Question 29

supercritical mass

Answer 29

more than critical mass and the chain reaction cannot be controlled (explosions, weapons...)

Question 30

control rods

Answer 30

block the paths of neutrons keeping the system from reaching supercritical mass

Question 31

thermonuclear reactions

Answer 31

small atoms are combines and a lot of energy is released (sun)

Question 32

ionizing radiation

Answer 32

leads to ion formation (gamma or X ray)

Question 33

nonionizing radiation

Answer 33

the remainder of electromagnetic radiation

Question 34

relative biological effectiveness (RBE)

Answer 34

used to show how much biological effect there is from radiation

Question 35

of rem =

Answer 35

(# of rad)(RBE)

Question 36

metallurgy

Answer 36

the science of extracting metals from their natural sources

Question 37

as one goes from left to right a --------- then an -------- is seen in the radius of transition metals

Answer 37

decrease, increase

Question 38

isoelectronic

Answer 38

same electron configuration

Question 39

diamagnetic

Answer 39

all electrons are paired in orbitals

Question 40

paramagnetic

Answer 40

contains unpaired electrons

Question 41

ferromagnetism

Answer 41

the unpaired spins influence each other leading to a net magnetic moment (all same direction)

Question 42

antiferromagnetic

Answer 42

unpaired electrons align opposite each other (spins cancel each other out)

Question 43

ferrimagnetism

Answer 43

have spins aligned opposite, but not equal, so no cancellation

Question 44

ligands

Answer 44

molecules and ions which bind to metal centers as a Lewis base

Question 45

lewis acid in a metal-ligand bond

Answer 45

metal

Question 46

lewis base in a metal-ligand bond

Answer 46

ligand

Question 47

the coordination number depends on the....

Answer 47

size of the metal and ligand

Question 48

monodentate

Answer 48

have only one donor atom

Question 49

bidentate

Answer 49

have two donor atoms

Question 50

polydentate

Answer 50

have three or more donor atoms

Question 51

chelating (sequestering) agents

Answer 51

bi and polydentate ligands combine w/o strong attraction (used to remove ions from solution, and treat lead poisoning)

Question 52

chlorophylls

Answer 52

are porphyrins that contain Mg2+, green color

Question 53

iron

Answer 53

ferrate

Question 54

copper

Answer 54

cuprate

Question 55

lead

Answer 55

plumbate

Question 56

silver

Answer 56

argentate

Question 57

gold

Answer 57

aurate

Question 58

tin

Answer 58

stannate

Question 59

isomers

Answer 59

have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms

Question 60

structural isomers

Answer 60

same molecular formula but different connections

Question 61

stereoisomers

Answer 61

same connections but different 3D orientations

Question 62

linkage isomers

Answer 62

ligand is bound to the metal by different atom

Question 63

coordination sphere isomer

Answer 63

differ by which compounds or ions are part of the complex

Question 64

cis

Answer 64

ligands on adjacent bonds

Question 65

trans

Answer 65

ligands on opposite bonds

Question 66

stereoisomers are only found in ------- and ------- 3D arrangements

Answer 66

square planar and octahedral

Question 67

optical isomers (enantiomers)

Answer 67

mirror images of one another that don't superimpose on each other

Question 68

dextrorotary

Answer 68

rotates plane polarized light to the right

Question 69

levorotary

Answer 69

rotation to the left of plane polarized light

Question 70

racemic mixture

Answer 70

mixture of dextrorotary and levorotary

Question 71

degenerate

Answer 71

orbitals are same energy

Question 72

orbitals that point toward ligands would be -------- in energy than those that do not point toward ligands

Answer 72

higher

Question 73

crystal field splitting energy

Answer 73

energy difference between the orbitals

Question 74

ligand field theory

Answer 74

increasing theta and strength of interaction : Cl

Question 75

stronger ligand fields

Answer 75

-large splitting -high field -absorb light at SHORTER wavelength -low spin

Question 76

weaker ligand fields

Answer 76

-small splitting -low field -absorb light at LONGER wavelength -high spin

Question 77

high spin filling

Answer 77

normal filling (fill all before pairing)