Ch. 22 Flashcards
(20 cards)
Cytosol
Fluid part of cypoplasm that contains enzymes for many of the cells chemical reactions
Lysosome
Contains hydrolitic enzymes that digest and recycle old cell structures
Hydrolysis of ATP produces what?
ADP
AMP
Release of energy
Coenzyme NAD+
Receives 2 electrons
Reduced form is NADH
Oxidized form is NAD+
Is required in dehydronation reaction that produce carbon - oxygen double bonds
Coenzyme FAD
Function is to carry one pair of electrons
FADH2 is reduced form
Participates in reactions that produce a carbon - carbon double bond
Coenzyme A
Function is preperation of small alcyl groups such as acetyl for reactions with enzymes
Production of the energy rich thioester acetyle CoA
Glycolysis and steps
Takes place in cytosol of cell
2 molecules of pyruvate is the end result
4 ATP molecules are produced but you have a NET gain of 2 ATP at the end
Step 1: Phosphorilation
Step 2: Isomerization
Step 3: Phosphorylation
Step 4: Cleavage
Step 5: Isomerization
Step 6: Oxidation and Phosphorylazation
Step 7: Phosphate Transfer
Step 8: Isomerization
Step 9: Dehydration
Step 10: Phosphate transfer
Step 1 glycolysis
First step we use ATP
Phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose
Glucose 6 phosphate and ADP are produced
Enzyme Hexokinase catalyzes reaction
Step 2 glycolysis
Glucose 6 phosphate is onverted to fructose 6 phosphate
Catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase
Step 3 glucolysis
2nd time you use ATP
Hydrolysis of another ATP makes a 2nd phosphate group
phosphate group gets transferred to the fructose 6 phosphate made from step 2 and turns it into fructose 1,6 biphosphate
Another kinase enzyme called phosphofructokinase catalyzes it
Step 4 glycolysis
Fructose 1,6 biphosphate is split into 2 three carbon phosphate isomers
Enzyme aldolase produces dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
Glycolysis step 5
Dihydroxyacetone phophate goes through isomerization and is catalyzed by trios phosphate isomerase
2nd molecule of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is produced which can be oxidized
All 6 carbon atoms from glucose are contained in 2 identical triose phosphates
Step 6 glycolysis
NAD+ is reduced to NADH which gives 1,3 biphosphoglycerate
Step 7 glycolysis
First step you generate ATP (2 of them)
A phosphate group from each 1,3 biphosphoglycerate is transferred to 2 ADP molecules by phosphoglycerate kinase
Step 8 glycolysis
two 3 phosphoglycerate molecules undergo isomerization by phosphoglycerate mutase
Phosphate group is moved from carbon 3 to carbon 2 yielding 2 molecules of 2- phosphoglycerate
Step 9 Glycolysis
Releases 2 water molecules
Each phosphoglycerate molecule undergoes dehydration by the enzyme enolase
2 phosphoenolpyruvate molecules are produced
Step 10 Glycolysis
Phosphate groups from 2 phosphoenolpyruvate molecules are tranferred by pyruvate kinase to yield 2 ADP’s, 2 Pyruvates, and 2 ATP’s
Glycogenisis is regulated by which 3 enzymes?
Hexokinase in reaction 1, inhibited by high levels of glucose 6 phosphate
Phosphofructokinase in reaction 3, inhibited by high levels of ATP
Pyruvate Kinase in reaction 10, inhibited by high levels of ATP or acetyle CoA
Aerobic conditions (oxygen present) pyruvate
Pyruvate gets moved into mitochondria
Pyruvate gets converted into acetyl coA which can be used in the citric acid cycle
Anaeorobic conditions for pyruvate (without oxygen)
Pyruvate gets reduced to lactate and NAD+ by lactate dehydrogenase
NAD+ oxidizes glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate which produces small amount of ATP
Lactate acumulates and gets sent to liver and converts back to pyruvate
