ch 22, 23

Question 1

Which molecules are respiratory gases or chemical forms of respiratory gases? I) O2
II) O3
III) CO2
IV) HCO3–
V) N2
a. I, II, and III
b. I, II, III, and IV
c. I, III, and IV
d. I, III, and V

Answer 1

c

Question 2

From the list below, choose the correct order of “physiological urgency” for each element in a given terrestrial animal, beginning with the most urgent.
I) The need for water
II) The need to void CO2
III) The need to obtain oxygen IV) The need for food
a. I, III, II, IV
b. III, II, I, IV
c. II, III, I, IV
d. II, III, IV, I

Answer 2

b

Question 3

Respiratory gases move from place to place principally by a. diffusion.

b. convection.
c. active transport.
d. both diffusion and convective transport.

Answer 3

d

Question 4

The diffusion of an uncharged solute in aqueous solution
a. always diffuses from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. b. will diffuse at a rate exponential to the difference in concentration between regions. c. involves a passive diffusion component as well as an active diffusion component. d. diffuses faster compared to charged solutes.

Answer 4

a

Question 5

The strength of a chemical substance’s tendency to undergo a physical or chemical change is called

a. diffusion.
b. its partial pressure.
c. its chemical potential.
d. its potential energy.

Answer 5

c

Question 6

Which statement regarding the diffusion of materials between gas mixtures and aqueous solutions is false?

a. Diffusion can be predicted by means of partial pressure measurements.
b. Diffusion can be predicted by using concentrations.
c. Respiratory gases can exist in the gas phase as well as dissolved in an aqueous solution.
d. Each gas has a unique solubility in aqueous solution.

Answer 6

b

Question 7

Which statement regarding gas mixtures in aqueous solutions is false?

a. When a gas dissolves in a solution, it becomes incorporated into the liquid phase.
b. When a gas dissolves in a solution, the molecules become distributed among the H2O molecules in much the same way as glucose molecules do.
c. Gas in solution can appear as microscopic bubbles.
d. When a large bubble rises to the surface of a solution, the solution is considered to be in the gas phase.

Answer 7

c

Question 8

The partial pressure of any given gas

a. cannot be calculated from the universal gas law.
b. is dependent on any other gas present.
c. is the individual pressure exerted by the gas in a gas mixture.
d. is proportional to the size of the gas molecule.

Answer 8

c

Question 9

Which factor is a constant according to the universal gas law? a. Moles of gas

b. Temperature
c. The universal gas constant
d. Partial pressure

Answer 9

c

Question 10

According to the universal gas law, _______ is(are) inversely proportional to the partial pressure.

a. moles of gas
b. temperature
c. volume
d. the universal gas constant

Answer 10

c

Question 11

The fraction of the total moles of gas in a gas mixture is called the a. mole fractional concentration.

b. volume fractional concentration.
c. partial pressure.
d. absorption coefficient.

Answer 11

a

Question 12

Suppose that at a temperature of 25°C and pressure of 1 atm, all the O2 is removed from 10 L of dry atmospheric air, and the remaining gas is restored to the original temperature and pressure. The final volume will be a. 10 L.

b. about 7.9 L.
c. about 5 L.
d. about 2.1 L.

Answer 12

b

Question 13

Consider two gas mixtures that are identical in temperature. The concentration of O2 in mixture #1 is 20 mmol/L, and the concentration of O2 in mixture #2 is 60 mmol/L. Which statement about the mixtures is true?

a. The partial pressure of O2 in mixture #2 is three times higher than it is in mixture #1. b. The partial pressure of O2 in mixture #2 is 3 times lower than it is in mixture #1.
c. The percent of O2 in mixture #2 is three times higher than it is in mixture #1.
d. The partial pressures of O2 in both mixtures are the same.

Answer 13

a

Question 14

Henry’s law relates _______ in aqueous solutions. a. partial pressure and concentration

b. partial pressure and volume
c. pressure and volume
d. temperature and concentration

Answer 14

a

Question 15

The _______ of a particular gas in a mixture is the dissolved concentration of that gas when the partial pressure is 1 atm.

a. gas tension
b. absorption coefficient
c. volume fractional concentration
d. density

Answer 15

b

Question 16

Which statement about gases dissolved in aqueous solutions is true? a. Different gases have different solubilities.

b. Gas solubilities increase strongly with increasing temperature.
c. Gas solubilities increase with increasing salinity.
d. Gas solubility decreases with increasing molecular size.

Answer 16

a

Question 17

Which scenarios will result in dissolved gas coming out of solution?
I) Collecting cold creek water, sealing the container, and allowing the solution to warm II) Collecting warm water, sealing the container, and allowing the solution to cool
III) Collecting cold creek water, adding salt, sealing the container, and allowing the solution to warm
IV) Collecting cold creek water, adding salt, sealing the container, and keeping the solution at the original temperature
a. I, II, and III
b. I, III, and IV
c. II, III, and IV
d. III and IV

Answer 17

b

Question 18

Which statement regarding the diffusion of gases is false?

a. Within gas mixtures, gases diffuse in net fashion from areas of relatively high partial pressure to areas of relatively low partial pressure.
b. Within aqueous solutions, gases diffuse in net fashion from areas of relatively high partial pressure to areas of relatively low partial pressure.
c. Across gas‒water interfaces, gases diffuse in net fashion from areas of relatively high partial pressure to areas of relatively low partial pressure.
d. Depending on the circumstance, gases can diffuse from low to high partial pressure.

Answer 18

d

Question 19

If a water beetle has used up half of the oxygen in its air bubble, the concentration of oxygen in the bubble is _______ the concentration of oxygen in the water. The partial pressure of oxygen in the bubble is _______ the partial pressure of oxygen in the water. Therefore, oxygen will move from the _______.

a. greater than; less than; water into the bubble b. less than; less than; bubble into the water
c. less than; less than; water into the bubble
d. greater than; less than; bubble into the water

Answer 19

a

Question 20

If a water beetle has been using an air bubble as a gill for 1 hour, the O2 partial pressure will be _______ that of air and the N2 partial pressure will be _______ that of air.

a. less than; less than
b. equal to; equal to
c. less than; equal to
d. greater than; greater than

Answer 20

c

Question 21

In which situation would a water beetle’s gas bubble last the shortest amount of time as a functional gill?

a. Gas bubble = 0.1 atm O2, 0.75 atm N2; water = 0.21 atm of O2
b. Gas bubble = 0.1 atm O2, 0.75 atm N2; water = 0.1 atm of O2
c. Gas bubble = 0.2 atm O2, 0.75 atm N2; water = 0.1 atm of O2 d. Gas bubble = 1 atm O2; water = 0.21 atm of O2

Answer 21

d

Question 22

A scuba diver remaining at a depth of 50 m for a significant amount of time needs to worry about the possible effects of which gas when he or she ascends?

a. Oxygen
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Nitrogen
d. Nitric oxide

Answer 22

c

Question 23

The “bends” refers to a physiological condition sustained by a scuba diver in which a. oxygen gas is too concentrated in the blood due to a dive that lasts too long at a deep depth.

b. nitrogen gas is too concentrated in the blood due to a dive that lasts too long at a deep depth.
c. oxygen gas comes out of solution in the blood due to a rapid ascent. d. nitrogen gas comes out of solution in the blood due to a rapid ascent.

Answer 23

d

Question 24

In the diffusion equation, if the units of K are cm2 ∙ s–1, which of the following best represents the units for J?

a. moles ∙ cm–2 ∙ s–1
b. moles ∙ sec–1
c. M ∙ g–1 ∙ cm–2
d. M ∙ cm2 ∙ s

Answer 24

a

Question 25

In the diffusion equation, when X increases, a. J increases. b. J decreases. c. J is not affected. d. J can increase or decrease.

Answer 25

b

Question 26

In the diffusion equation, a. permeability is integrated into P1–P2. b. permeability is integrated into K. c. P1–P2 represents permeability. d. X represents permeability.

Answer 26

b

Question 27

The Krogh diffusion coefficient (K) for O2 in air is _______ K for O2 in water. a. slightly greater than b. slightly lower than c. about 200,000 times lower than d. about 200,000 times greater than

Answer 27

d

Question 28

Which of the following contributes to a respiratory gas partial pressure in solution? I) O2 II) CO2 III) O2 bound to hemoglobin IV) HCO3– dissolved in plasma a. I and II b. I, II, and III c. I, II, and IV d. I, II, III, and IV

Answer 28

a

Question 29

If the diameter of the body of a larval fish exceeded _______, diffusion alone would not be able to meet the demands of its oxygen consumption. a. 0.1 mm b. 1.0 mm c. 5 mm d. 1 cm

Answer 29

b

Question 30

The process that occurs when a gas mixture or an aqueous solution flows and gas molecules in the gas or liquid phase are carried from place to place by the fluid flow is called a. diffusion. b. convection. c. tidal flow. d. partial pressure.

Answer 30

b

Question 31

The principle process(es) by which animals use convection to transport gases is(are) a. ventilation. b. the pumping of blood. c. digestion. d. ventilation and the pumping of blood.

Answer 31

d

Question 32

The rate of convective gas transport depends on the a. partial pressure of a particular gas in solution. b. rate of fluid flow. c. total concentration of gas in the fluid. d. rate of fluid flow and the total concentration of gas in the fluid.

Answer 32

d

Question 33

``` The movement of water across a fish gill is a good example of a. permeability. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. tidal flow. c. unidirectional flow. d. Henry’s law. ```

Answer 33

c

Question 34

Oxygen enters the mitochondria a. by diffusion, at a rate that is dependent on the flow of the oxygenated capillary blood. b. by diffusion, at a rate that is dependent on the difference in O2 partial pressure between the blood systemic capillaries and the mitochondria. c. by convection, at a rate that is dependent on the difference in O2 partial pressure between the blood systemic capillaries and the mitochondria. d. by convection, at a rate that is dependent on the flow of the oxygenated capillary blood.

Answer 34

b

Question 35

Which of the following is not a unit of pressure? a. Millimeters of mercury b. Pascals c. Pounds per square inch d. mL O2/L

Answer 35

d

Question 36

STP refers to a(n) a. temperature of 37°C. b. pressure of 1 atm. c. volume of 22.4 L. d. oxygen percent of 20.95.

Answer 36

b

Question 37

If 2 L of air at 0°C contains 420 mL of O2, how many mL of O2 does it contain if the air is warmed to 24°C? a. 210 mL b. 384 mL c. 420 mL d. about 600 mL

Answer 37

c

Question 38

If air at 0°C contains 210 mL O2 per L, how much O2 does it contain if it is heated to 24°C? a. 210 mL O2 per L b. 420 mL O2 per L c. 192 mL O2 per L d. 105 mL O2 per L

Answer 38

c

Question 39

Which environment has the lowest amount of O2 per L? a. Air at 120°C b. Air at –40°C c. Freshwater at 24°C d. Seawater at 40°C

Answer 39

d

Question 40

Which environment would have the lowest available oxygen? a. At night, a small summer pond filled with algae b. The summit of Mount Everest c. The burrow of a black-tailed prairie dog d. The burrow of a lemming beneath the arctic snow

Answer 40

a

Question 41

The respiratory gas(es) is(are) a. oxygen. b. carbon dioxide. c. nitrogen. d. both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Answer 41

d

Question 42

In diffusion, materials tend to move in net fashion from regions of a. high solubility to regions of low solubility. b. high chemical potential to regions of low chemical potential. c. low chemical potential to regions of high chemical potential. d. low partial pressure to regions of high partial pressure.

Answer 42

b

Question 43

If the partial pressures of nitrogen, argon, and CO2 are 0.7808, 0.0093, and 0.0004 atm, respectively, in air at 1 atm, what is the partial pressure of the oxygen in this air? a. 0.2095% b. 20.95% c. 0.2095 atm d. 20.95 atm

Answer 43

c

Question 44

Consider two gas mixtures at the same temperature. If the concentration of CO2 in Mixture A is 10 mmol/L and the concentration of CO2 in Mixture B is 30 mmol/L, which statement is also true? a. The partial pressure of CO2 in Mixture B is 3 times as high as in Mixture A. b. The partial pressure of CO2 in Mixture B is 3 times lower compared to Mixture A. c. The percent of CO2 in Mixture B is 3 times as high as in Mixture A. d. The percent of CO2 is the same in both mixtures.

Answer 44

a

Question 45

_______ is the law that relates partial pressure and concentration in aqueous solutions. a. The universal gas law b. The partial pressure law c. Henry’s law d. Krogh’s law

Answer 45

c

Question 46

What is the relationship between temperature and the solubility of gases in aqueous solutions? a. The solubility of gases in aqueous solution has an exponential relationship to temperature. b. As temperature increases, the solubility of gases in aqueous solutions increases. c. As temperature increases, the solubility of gases in aqueous solutions decreases. d. The solubility of a gas in an aqueous solution is directly proportional to temperature.

Answer 46

c

Question 47

Gases diffuse in net fashion from areas of relatively high partial pressure to areas of relatively low partial pressure a. within gas mixtures. b. within aqueous solutions. c. across gas–water interfaces. d. in all combinations of gas–aqueous phases.

Answer 47

d

Question 48

Which statement regarding the water beetle is true? a. As oxygen in the bubble is used up, oxygen diffuses from the water into the bubble. b. As CO2 in the bubble increases, it causes oxygen to enter the bubble more readily. c. As the beetle dives, the increase in pressure drives oxygen into the beetle. d. The nitrogen in the bubble is responsible for maintaining the oxygen concentration.

Answer 48

a

Question 49

During gas diffusion, as the distance between P1 and P2 increases, the a. rate of net movement decreases. b. rate of net movement increases. c. rate of net movement does not change. d. diffusion coefficient increases.

Answer 49

a

Question 50

Which statement regarding gas diffusion is true? a. Gases diffuse only slightly faster through the gas phase than through aqueous solutions. b. Gases diffuse many times faster through the gas phase than through aqueous solutions. c. Gases diffuse at equal rates through the gas phase and aqueous solutions. d. Gases diffuse only slightly slower through the gas phase than through aqueous solutions.

Answer 50

b

Question 51

Oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin a. does not contribute to the oxygen partial pressure. b. contributes the same amount to partial pressure as when it is dissolved in solution. c. contributes more to partial pressure than when it is dissolved in solution. d. increases the partial pressure of CO2.

Answer 51

a

Question 52

As a gas mixture or an aqueous solution flows, gas molecules in the gas or liquid are carried from place to place by a. tidal flow. b. diffusion. c. evaporation. d. convection.

Answer 52

d

Question 53

Movement of air into and out of a human lung is an example of a. diffusion. b. Henry’s law. c. unidirectional flow. d. tidal flow.

Answer 53

d

Question 54

Oxygen transport in animals occurs by a. diffusion. b. convection. c. active transport. d. both convection and diffusion.

Answer 54

d

Question 55

In oxygen transport to the mitochondria, diffusion occurs from a. the mouth to the lungs. b. the lungs to the red blood cells. c. the red blood cells to the mitochondria. d. both the lungs to the red blood cells and the red blood cells to the mitochondria.

Answer 55

d

Question 56

Which O2 partial pressure value would you expect to find in the ambient air (AA), arterial blood (AB), and systemic capillary blood (SCB) of an animal? a. AA = 150 mm Hg; AB = 100 mm Hg; SCB = 70 mm Hg b. AA = 150 mm Hg; AB = 70 mm Hg; SCB = 100 mm Hg c. AA = 70 mm Hg; AB = 100 mm Hg; SCB = 70 mm Hg d. AA = 70 mm Hg; AB = 100 mm Hg; SCB = 150 mm Hg

Answer 56

a

Question 57

At standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP), a. 1 mg of gas occupies 22.4 L. b. 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 L. c. 22.4 moles of gas occupies 1 L. d. 22.4 grams of gas occupies 1 L.

Answer 57

b

Question 58

Which statement regarding air and water is false? a. Water is more viscous than air. b. Air-breathing animals generally expend more energy ventilating than water-breathing animals. c. Per unit volume, water holds less oxygen than air. d. Temperature affects the oxygen solubility in water more than it does in air.

Answer 58

b

Question 59

If the percentage of oxygen in air at sea level is 20.95%, what is the percentage of oxygen in air at the top of Mount Everest? a. Significantly higher than 20.95% b. The same—20.95% c. Significantly lower than 20.95% d. Negligible—close to 0%

Answer 59

b

Question 60

Which organisms use CO2 during the day? a. Fungi b. Animals c. Plants d. Bacteria

Answer 60

c

Question 61

During high speed swimming, many fish rely on a method of ventilation called a. ram ventilation. b. opercular pumping ventilation. c. the opercular suction pump. d. buccal pressure pumping ventilation.

Answer 61

a

Question 62

Which statement is the most accurate definition of external respiration? a. Bulk flow (convection) of air or water to and from the gas-exchange membrane. b. The process by which O2 is transported to the gas-exchange membrane from the environmental medium and by which CO2 is transported away from the membrane into the environmental medium. c. The process by which CO2 is transported to the gas-exchange membrane from the environmental medium and O2 is transported away from the membrane into the environmental medium. d. Diffusion of O2 and CO2 across the gas exchange membrane.

Answer 62

b

Question 63

Which animal is an example of a bimodal breather? a. Dog b. Frog c. Lizard d. Crocodile

Answer 63

b

Question 64

The rate of O2 uptake by the breathing organ depends on the a. volume flow of air or water per unit of time. b. amount of O2 removed from each unit of volume. c. amount of CO2 needing to be removed. d. volume flow of respiratory medium per unit time and the amount of O2 removed from each unit volume.

Answer 64

d

Question 65

5. Which morphology sets up the least efficient gas exchange? a. Cocurrent gas exchange b. Convex current gas exchange c. Cross-current gas exchange d. Countercurrent gas exchange

Answer 65

a

Question 66

CO2 is more easily transferred into water across respiratory membranes compared to O2 because CO2 a. is more soluble in water. b. moves faster. c. is a smaller molecule. d. has a higher cohesive force.

Answer 66

a

Question 67

HIF-1 and HIF-2 can help increase the O2-carrying ability of the blood by a. increasing the secretion of erythropoietin. b. increasing ventilation rate. c. decreasing the diffusion distance at the lungs. d. increasing circulation rate.

Answer 67

a

Question 68

Which animal is likely to have the highest O2 and CO2 exchange percentage via the skin? a. Goldfish b. Bullfrog larva c. Lungless salamander d. Adult bullfrog

Answer 68

c

Question 69

In all vertebrates, the central pattern generators for breathing are located in the a. cerebellum. b. lungs. c. cortex. d. medulla.

Answer 69

d

Question 70

How does a typical teleost fish, such as a goldfish, maintain ventilation of its gills when stationary in the water column? a. With a buccal pressure pump b. With an opercular suction pump c. Via ram ventilation d. With both a buccal pressure pump and an opercular suction pump.

Answer 70

d

Question 71

Fish make use of _______ exchange in their gills. a. cross-current b. concurrent c. cocurrent d. countercurrent

Answer 71

d

Question 72

Which statement about air-breathing fish is false? a. In most air-breathing fish, some part or branch of the alimentary canal has become specialized as an air-breathing organ. b. Most air-breathing fish have lost gill function. c. Air-breathing fish typically void most of their CO2 into the water. d. Many air-breathing fish are able to shunt blood.

Answer 72

b

Question 73

An adult bullfrog excretes CO2 primarily through its a. skin. b. gills. c. lungs. d. cloaca.

Answer 73

a

Question 74

During metamorphosis, a frog utilizes which gas-exchange organs? a. Gills only b. Lungs only c. Gills and lungs d. Gills, skin, and lungs

Answer 74

d

Question 75

During the _______ developmental stage, the bullfrog splits oxygen uptake (roughly 50:50) between the gills and the skin. a. aquatic tadpole b. air-breathing tadpole c. postmetamorphic froglet d. adult

Answer 75

a

Question 76

28. Which is primarily responsible for moving air into the lungs of a lizard? a. The buccal pump b. The buccopharyngeal pump c. The intercostal muscles d. The diaphragm

Answer 76

c

Question 77

29. Which statement is a recently discovered similarity between alligator respiration and bird respiration? a. Cross-current gas exchange takes place. b. Air sacs are present. c. Ventilation is tidal. d. Ventilation is unidirectional.

Answer 77

d

Question 78

Which animal group(s) ventilate(s) with the use of negative pressure? a. Reptiles b. Mammals c. Amphibians d. Both reptiles and mammals

Answer 78

d

Question 79

In which structure does diffusion of oxygen to capillaries not play a major role? a. Terminal bronchioles b. Respiratory bronchioles c. Alveolar ducts d. Alveolar sacs

Answer 79

d

Question 80

The volume of air in the lungs following a complete exhalation of the expiratory reserve volume is a. one-half the inspiratory reserve volume. b. called the tidal volume. c. very close to 0 mL. d. called the residual volume.

Answer 80

d

Question 81

If the inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL, the tidal volume is 500 mL, the expiratory reserve volume is 1000 mL, and the residual volume is 1000 mL, what is the vital capacity? a. 3500 mL b. 4500 mL c. 5000 mL d. 5500 mL

Answer 81

b

Question 82

In the mammalian alveoli, the partial pressure of O2 is _______ that of atmospheric air and the CO2 partial pressure is _______ that of atmospheric air. a. higher than; lower than b. lower than; higher than c. lower than; lower than d. the same as; higher than

Answer 82

b

Question 83

Which animal group(s) has(have) a true diaphragm? a. Reptiles and mammals b. Birds and mammals c. Mammals d. Birds

Answer 83

c

Question 84

In mammals, ventilation is modulated by the chemosensation of a. CO2. b. CO2 and H+. c. CO2 and O2. d. CO2, H+, and O2.

Answer 84

d

Question 85

Hypoxia factors can respond to hypoxia (along with other possible cofactors or coactivators) with all of the following responses except a. increased erythropoiesis. b. increased synthesis of glucose transporters. c. increased synthesis of enzymes of aerobic metabolism. d. the promotion of angiogenesis.

Answer 85

c

Question 86

A rise in arterial blood CO2 partial pressure by 5 mm Hg would increase ventilation frequency in humans. This mechanism would likely trigger increased ventilation in a. all vertebrates. b. just terrestrial vertebrates. c. just aquatic vertebrates. d. all animals.

Answer 86

b

Question 87

Which circumstance would increase ventilation frequency in humans? a. A reduction in arterial blood CO2 partial pressure by 15 mm Hg b. A rise in venous blood CO2 partial pressure by 15 mm Hg c. A reduction in arterial blood O2 partial pressure by 15 mm Hg d. A rise in venous blood O2 partial pressure by 15 mm Hg

Answer 87

b

Question 88

Suppose you are comparing blood samples and samples of alveolar gas from two native Peruvians resting in their dwellings—one at sea level and one at 4500 m altitude. The O2 partial pressure would likely be the most similar in a. their alveolar gas. b. their arterial blood. c. their venous blood. d. the air in their tracheas.

Answer 88

c

Question 89

When lowlanders first ascend to high altitude, which of the following occurs? a. Hypoventilation b. Bradycardia c. Lowering of V̇ O2max d. Hyperventilation

Answer 89

d

Question 90

The rate at which new air is brought into the alveoli and other respiratory pathways is called the a. alveolar minute volume. b. respiratory minute volume. c. tidal volume. d. ventilation rate.

Answer 90

a

Question 91

As mammals get smaller, lung volume _______ and breathing frequency _______. a. increases exponentially; increases exponentially b. decreases exponentially; increases exponentially c. decreases proportionally; increases exponentially d. increases proportionally; decreases proportionally

Answer 91

c

Question 92

Pulmonary surfactant a. keeps the alveoli from collapsing by reducing the surface tension. b. inflates the alveoli by increasing the surface tension. c. keeps the alveoli from collapsing by increasing the surface tension. d. increases the rate of gas exchange across the alveoli by the secretion of phospholipids.

Answer 92

a

Question 93

Which structure(s) is(are) primarily responsible for gas exchange in the bird respiratory system? a. Mesobronchus b. Secondary bronchi c. Parabronchi d. Air sacs

Answer 93

c

Question 94

Bird respiration is characterized by _______ air flow and _______ gas exchange. a. nondirectional; countercurrent b. unidirectional; cross-current c. nondirectional; cross-current d. unidirectional; countercurrent

Answer 94

b

Question 95

Branchial papulae are essentially gill processes in which major animal group? a. Annelids b. Horseshoe crabs c. Aquatic snails d. Sea stars

Answer 95

d

Question 96

The evolution of sheetlike gills occurred in which major animal group? a. Annelids b. Horseshoe crabs c. Echinoderms d. Molluscs

Answer 96

d

Question 97

The evolution of the mantle cavity into a lung occurred in which major animal group? a. Annelids b. Horseshoe crabs c. Sea stars d. Snails

Answer 97

d

Question 98

An aquatic decapod crustacean moves water through the branchial chamber and ventilates the gills with its a. opercular pump. b. buccal pump. c. mouth. d. scaphognathite.

Answer 98

d

Question 99

Which statement about land crab respiration is true? a. Most land crabs have evolved lungs. b. They allow their gills to go dry and ventilate them with air. c. Their gills are ventilated with water. d. O2 is taken up chiefly by their branchial-chamber epithelium.

Answer 99

d

Question 100

The entrance to the gas exchange system of insects is via a. spiracles. b. the mouth. c. the scaphognathite. d. the branchial chamber.

Answer 100

a

Question 101

Although tracheoles run between cells, they also very commonly penetrate _______ cells. a. flight muscle b. nervous system c. circulatory system d. heart muscle

Answer 101

a

Question 102

A key mechanism of gas transport through the tracheal system is a. muscular contraction. b. the scaphognathite. c. diffusion. d. spiracle size.

Answer 102

c

Question 103

What is the main vulnerability of the insect respiratory system? a. The release of accumulated CO2 is slow. b. It is susceptible to evaporative water loss. c. It must be continually ventilated. d. O2 uptake is very slow.

Answer 103

b

Question 104

Aquatic insects sometimes have evaginations of the body surface called _______ that are densely supplied with trachea and covered with a thin cuticle. a. gills b. book lungs c. tracheal gills d. spiracles

Answer 104

c

Question 105

1. Which statement is the best definition of external respiration? a. The bulk flow of air or water to and from the gas-exchange membrane b. The thin layer of tissue, typically consisting of one or two epithelia, that separates the internal tissues of the animal from the environment c. The process by which O2 is transported from the environment to the gas-exchange membrane and CO2 is transported from the membrane to the environment d. The use of O2 at the mitochondria, along with the production of CO2, during aerobic metabolism

Answer 105

c

Question 106

The partial pressure of O2 in the blood leaving the breathing organ depends on the a. amount of blood. b. flow of air or water at the interface. c. size of the respiratory organ. d. amount of blood and flow of air or water at the interface.

Answer 106

b

Question 107

Which morphology allows for the most efficient gas exchange? a. Cocurrent b. Countercurrent c. Cross-current d. Concurrent

Answer 107

b

Question 108

A blood sample that has an extremely low partial pressure of CO2 is most likely from a(n) a. fish. b. marine animal. c. terrestrial animal. d. animal exchanging respiratory gas with water.

Answer 108

d

Question 109

Which animal group tends to have the thinnest gas-exchange membrane? a. Mammals b. Birds c. Nonavian reptiles d. Amphibians

Answer 109

b

Question 110

The protective external flap that covers the gills on a fish’s head is called the a. operculum. b. secondary lamellae. c. gill arches. d. gill slits.

Answer 110

a

Question 111

The major stimulus for increased ventilation in fish is a. decreased O2. b. increased exercise. c. decreased temperature. d. both decreased O2 and increased exercise.

Answer 111

d

Question 112

8. Carbon dioxide excretion in the bullfrog is highest across the a. lungs only in the adult stage. b. skin at all stages. c. gills during the tadpole stage. d. gills during the adult stage only.

Answer 112

b

Question 113

Which animals use positive pressure ventilation? a. Amphibians b. Birds c. Mammals d. Reptiles

Answer 113

a

Question 114

Which statement regarding mammalian ventilation is false? a. Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles. b. Inspiration always requires muscle contraction. c. Expiration always requires muscle contraction. d. There is no convective movement of gas in the alveoli.

Answer 114

c

Question 115

11. The maximal possible tidal volume is called the a. inspiratory reserve volume. b. vital capacity. c. expiratory reserve volume. d. tidal volume.

Answer 115

b

Question 116

In mammals, moving air into the lungs is achieved mainly by a. relaxing the abdominals. b. contracting the diaphragm. c. relaxing the diaphragm. d. contracting the abdominals.

Answer 116

b

Question 117

In mammals, ventilation is modulated by chemosensation of a. CO2. b. CO2 and H+. c. CO2 and O2. d. CO2, H+, and O2.

Answer 117

d

Question 118

The substance responsible for the prevention of alveolar collapse is a. surfactant. b. mucous. c. water. d. anticohesive.

Answer 118

a

Question 119

The bellows action used by birds in breathing is generated by a. contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm. b. contraction and relaxation of intercostals. c. expansion and compression of the air sacs. d. expansion and compression of the parabronchi.

Answer 119

c

Question 120

The gas-exchange system in birds is a. concurrent. b. countercurrent. c. cross-current. d. anticurrent.

Answer 120

c

Question 121

Within the molluscs, a lung modified from the mantle cavity to allow respiration of air on land is seen in which group? a. Snails b. Bivalves c. Cephalopods d. Decapod crustaceans

Answer 121

a

Question 122

The entrance to the insect tracheal system is via a. modified lungs. b. modified gills. c. air sacs. d. spiracles.

Answer 122

d

Question 123

In insects, oxygen moves through the tracheal system by a. diffusion. b. both diffusion and convection. c. rhythmic tracheal compression. d. diffusion, convection, and rhythmic tracheal compression.

Answer 123

d

Question 124

Which animal uses a tracheal system? a. Sea star b. Mollusc c. Crayfish d. Flea

Answer 124

d