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Biology 152 > Ch 22-26 > Flashcards

Ch 22-26 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Evolution

A

explain both unity and diversity of organism

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2
Q

Why are organism different?

A

Genetic Variation

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3
Q

Descent with modification…

A

is evolution

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4
Q

Evolution

A

theory about how contemporary species arose from ancestors through “decent with modification”

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5
Q

Theory

A

explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence

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6
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a species or group of species

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7
Q

Phylogenic Trees

A

used to visualize our hypothesizes of how a group of organisms are related

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8
Q

Common Ancestors

A

branch points, nodes

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9
Q

Branch length

A

time

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10
Q

Homologies

A

molecular, anatomical, vestigial structures, embryos

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11
Q

Hypotheses related to evolution can be tested ….

A

through evolution

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12
Q

Anatomical Homologies

A

similar structures due to common ancestry, but may have a different function

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13
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

remnants of features that functioned in the ancestor but no purpose in present organism

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14
Q

Molecular Homologies

A

all organisms have DNA and the genetic code is universal
-very different species share genes

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15
Q

Those with fewer differences are…

A

more closely related

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16
Q

3 Domains

A

based on rRNA sequences
Eukarya -eukaryotes
Archaea -prokaryotes
Bacteria -prokaryotes

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17
Q

What do all cells have?

A

Ribosomes

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18
Q

Vertebrate Embryos

A

very similar early in development for all species

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19
Q

Analogous

A

similar features are not due to relatedness, but are due to convergent evolution

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20
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

independent evolution of similar features in different lineages
similar adaptations due to similar selective pressures in similar environments

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21
Q

Homology

A

shared ancestry

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22
Q

Analogy

A

convergent evolution

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23
Q

Fossil Record

A

provides evidence that past organisms differed from present day organisms, many species have gone extinct, organisms have become more complex
shows origins of major groups
helps answer big evolutionary questions

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24
Q

Biogeography

A

geographic distribution of species

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25
Endemic species
found in only one certain place
26
What species can evolve quickly?
those with short generation times and high reproductive potential
27
Evolution is the change in the...
genetic composition of a population over time we do not observe an individual evolving
28
Acclimatation
changes of ourselves to fit with the world
29
Charles Darwin
He was influenced by many different people to help him come to his conclusions adaptation to environment and origin of new species are related processes adaptations arise via natural selection published a short essay in 1844 on descent with modification via mechanism of natural selection didn't like to share ideas
30
Carolus Linnaeus
1707-1778 Binomial System of Nomenclature nested classification based on similarities not describing evolutionary relationships
31
James Hutton
1726-1797 gradual mechanisms change geological features (valley formed by rivers)
32
Charles Lyell
1797-1875 incorporated Hutton's thinking into principle of uniformitarianism change is constant over time, these slow changes can build up over time more influential to Darwin Darwin read his book while on the Beagle changes compound and build up over time, we can't observe all changes because it's too long a time
33
Georges Cuvier
1769-1832 fossils in strata-extinction -found large elephant fossils that aren't found else where in the world stratification via "catastrophism" -Darwin noticed new species would come in
34
Catastrophism
catastrophic events lead to extinctions, new species immigrated from other areas
35
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
1744-1829 proposed a mechanism for how life changes (how evolution happens) 1) use and disuse (during lifespan of an individual organism) -if it wasn't used it would shrivel up -good parts are passed on 2) inheritance of acquired traits that could pass to offspring -can't pass on acquired traits (ex. children won't be born with a tattoo if you get a tattoo)
36
Thomas Malthus
1744-1829 human population growth would endanger the survival of organisms -looked at increase in population -worried about natural resource accessibility checks on human population growth -famine, disease, etc.
37
Artificial Selection
humans breed plants and animals to amplify desired traits over time
38
Alfred Wallace
almost scooped Darwin's info, two essays in Royal Society in July 1858 and On the Origins in 1859
39
Natural Selection
mechanism for how life works 1) heritable variation among individuals in a population 2) competition for resources and a struggle for existence 3) individuals with traits best suited to the environment survive and leave more offspring than others
40
Adaptation
any heritable trait that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a certain environment -3 types: structural (physical features), physiological (how something works), behavioral (action, adaptations)
41
Darwin's Observations
1) Members of a population vary greatly in their traits ("natural" variation = genetic variation) 2) Traits are inherited from parents to offspring 3) All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support -certain individuals survive and reproduce at higher rates than others 4) Due to lack of resources, many offspring do not survive
42
Darwin's 2 Inferences
Natural Selection 1) Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than others 2) This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in a population over generations Natural selection increases match between organism and environment, thus organisms become better suited for their environment
43
Environmental change requires...
adaptation to new conditions which may result in new species
44
Fitness
ability to survive and reproduce an individual just needs to be "fit enough" to reproduce just need to be fit enough -only a genetic success if you're not a genetic dead end, have to have at least one kid
45
Humans can influence evolution
antibiotic resistance -> short gen time and lots of reproduction large amounts of poaching for elephant tusks resulted in many elephants being born with small tusks poachers would only kill the ones with bigger tusks since it's more worth the money
46
Humans and chimpanzees have...
a common ancestor share 98% of the same genes diverged from a CA about 4-6 million years ago
47
Tree of Life
Classification and Phylogeny
48
Phylogenic Trees
branching diagrams of evolutionary relationship to visualize hypotheses of how a group of organisms are related
49
Taxonomy
method of naming and classifying
50
Taxon
unit at particular level
51
Phylogenic trees usually are
dichotomous shaped
52
Root
most recent common ancestor of all taxa
53
Tips
contemporary taxon, group, or species
54
Branch Points
represents common ancestor node
55
Sister Taxa
organisms that share a common ancestor that is not shared by any other group
56
Branch
evolutionary lineage and ancestors in lineage
57
Branch Length
time number of genetic changes per unit time
58
Phylogenic trees can be used to look at...
characters and deduce where/when characters arise or are lost
59
Share Ancestral Character
originated in ancestor
60
Shared Derived Character
evolutionary novelty, more recent
61
Maximum Parsimony Approach
Ocumsrazor simplest explanation is usually correct one fewest evolutionary events fewest DNA base changes
62
Bracketing
predict by parsimony featured shared by 2 closely related groups were present in common ancestor and all descendants

Biology 152 (1 decks)

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