Ch 22

Question 1

The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin makes it easier for the next one to bind.

Answer 1

true

Question 2

Hypoventilation leads to hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis.

Answer 2

true

Question 3

Most of the CO2 transported by the blood is in the form of dissolved gas.

Answer 3

false

Question 4

Most CO2 in the blood is transported in the form of carbaminohemoglobin.

Answer 4

false

Question 5

Hemoglobin carries more oxygen at high CO2 levels than at low CO2 levels.

Answer 5

false

Question 6

The phrenic nerves which innervate the diaphragm fire during inspiration only.

Answer 6

true

Question 7

Restrictive disorders reduce the flow of air through the airway.

Answer 7

false

Question 8

All atmospheric gases are equally soluble in the blood and tissue fluid.

Answer 8

false

Question 9

Obstruction of the bronchial tree results in a reduced FEV.

Answer 9

true

Question 10

If you increase the volume of a given quantity of gas, its pressure increases.

Answer 10

false

Question 11

You measured your resting breathing frequency at 12 breaths per minute with a tidal volume of 500 mL per breath. You exercised by riding a bicycle and peddled as fast as you could for 20 minutes. You then stopped and measured your breathing frequency and tidal volume again. You would predict that your breathing frequency would _____ and your tidal volume would _____. a. not change; increase b. increase; increase c. decrease; decrease d. increase; decrease e. decrease; increase

Answer 11

b. increase; increase

Question 12

Inspiration occurs only when the thoracic cavity expands, a. dropping transpulmonary pressure lower than intrapulmonary pressure. b. dropping intrapleural pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. c. dropping transpulmonary pressure lower than intrapleural pressure. d. dropping intrapleural pressure lower than intrapulmonary pressure.
e. dropping intrapulmonary pressure lower than atmospheric pressure.

Answer 12

d. dropping intrapleural pressure lower than intrapulmonary pressure.

Question 13

Suppose the atmospheric pressure at a given time is 765 mmHg, the intrapleural pressure during inspiration is 759 mmHg, and the intrapulmonary pressure is 763 mmHg. Under these conditions the transpulmonary pressure would be a. +2 mmHg. b. +4 mmHg. c. +6 mmHg. d. -6 mmHg. e. -4 mmHg.

Answer 13

e. -4 mmHg.

Question 14

Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles leads to _________. a. forced expiration. b. a negative transpulmonary pressure. c. passive expiration. d. forced inspiration. e. passive inspiration.

Answer 14

a. forced expiration.

Question 15

You have a chamber that contains an equal volume of atmospheric air and an equal volume of water containing no oxygen or carbon dioxide. You would expect _____ in the air to reach equilibrium with the water the fastest. a. CO2 and O2 to take the same time b. O2 c. CO2 d. N2 e. H2

Answer 15

c. CO2

Question 16

Most CO2 is transported in the blood a. as dissolved gas bubbles. b. as bicarbonate ions. c. bound to the ferrous ion of hemoglobin. d. bound to carbonic anhydrase. e. bound to the globin moiety of hemoglobin.

Answer 16

b. as bicarbonate ions.

Question 17

If your chest expands, you would predict the intrapulmonary pressure to _____. a. This question cannot be answered with the information provided. b. increase c. remain unchanged d. decrease e. be greater than atmospheric pressure.

Answer 17

d. decrease

Question 18

Each hemoglobin can carry up to ____ O2 molecules that are bound to ____. a. 2; globin b. 4; iron c. 2; heme d. 2; iron e. 4; globin

Answer 18

b. 4; iron

Question 19

The great alveolar cells secrete a phospholipid-protein mixture called a. surfactant. b. proteophospholipids. c. phosphoproteins. d. mucus. e. sputum.

Answer 19

a. surfactant.

Question 20

The ___ consist of mucous membranes supported by the turbinate bones. a. fossae b. meatuses c. nares d. conchae e. choanae

Answer 20

d. conchae

Question 21

The bonding of CO2 to hemoglobin produces a. carboxyhemoglobin. b. reduced hemoglobin.
c. oxyhemoglobin. d. carbaminohemoglobin. e. methemoglobin.

Answer 21

d. carbaminohemoglobin.

Question 22

Sharon looked away from her toddler for just a second. Her 2-year-old daughter, Zoe, was playing on the floor next to her desk. When Sharon glanced down again, Zoe was squirming, holding her throat and making little squeaking sounds. Zoe looked up at her Mom with scared eyes. “She’s choking!” Sharon’s voice screamed in her head. She first thought about performing the Heimlich maneuver on Zoe, but the remembered that was not the correct action because the child was still able to breathe a little (as evidenced by the squeaking sound). She didn’t want to cause whatever had been swallowed to block Zoe’s airway completely. Sharon grabbed the phone and dialed 911. The EMTs were there in minutes, but it seemed like hours. They took Zoe to the hospital. Based on Zoe’s symptoms, the doctors immediately scheduled a bronchoscopy. In this procedure, a thin tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth and down the throat.

The doctor found a small magnetic ball lodged in one of the tubes in the right lung. The toy had gone into her respiratory tract instead of the esophagus. The doctor inserted forceps through the bronchoscope, clamped onto the ball, and pulled it out.

What structure usually directs material into the esophagus when we swallow (instead of the air passages)? a. vocal fold b. glottis c. concha d. epiglottis

Answer 22

d. epiglottis

Question 23

An excessively high pH is called __________ and can be caused by a _________ deficiency called ______________. a. acisosis; hydrogen; hyperventilation b. alkalosis; bicarbonate; hypocapnia c. alkalosis; carbon dioxide; hypocapnia d. acidosis; hydrogen; hypercapnia e. acidosis; carbon dioxide; hypercapnia

Answer 23

c. alkalosis; carbon dioxide; hypocapnia

Question 24

Under ordinary circumstances, which of the following blood components is of no physiological significance? a. chloride b. bicarbonate c. dissolved nitrogen gas d. carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 24

c. dissolved nitrogen gas

Question 25

Exhalation is a. signaled by excessive hydrogen. b. signaled rhythmically in concert alternately with inspiration. c. normaly passive. d. accomplished by the compliance of the thoracic cage. e. normally accomplished by contraction of the diaphragm.

Answer 25

c. normaly passive.

Question 26

Sharon looked away from her toddler for just a second. Her 2-year-old daughter, Zoe, was playing on the floor next to her desk. When Sharon glanced down again, Zoe was squirming, holding her throat and making little squeaking sounds. Zoe looked up at her Mom with scared eyes. “She’s choking!” Sharon’s voice screamed in her head. She first thought about performing the Heimlich maneuver on Zoe, but the remembered that was not the correct action because the child was still able to breathe a little (as evidenced by the squeaking sound). She didn’t want to cause whatever had been swallowed to block Zoe’s airway completely. Sharon grabbed the phone and dialed 911. The EMTs were there in minutes, but it seemed like hours. They took Zoe to the hospital. Based on Zoe’s symptoms, the doctors immediately scheduled a bronchoscopy. In this procedure, a thin tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth and down the throat. After finding nothing in the trachea, the doctor focused attention on the first tube to the right after the trachea. What is the name of this tube? a. tracheal limb b. primary bronchiole c. alveolar duct d. primary bronchus

Answer 26

d. primary bronchus

Question 27

An excessive concentration of CO2 in the tissue fluids, called ___, can create a pH imbalance called ___. a. hypercapnia; pneumotaxis b. hypercapnia; respiratory alkalosis c. hypercapnia; respiratory acidosis d. hypocapnia; respiratory alkalosis e. hypocapnia; respiratory acidosis

Answer 27

c. hypercapnia; respiratory acidosis

Question 28

Which term can be described as the collapse of all or part of a lung? a. emphysema b. anaphylaxis c. atelactasis d. bronchoconstriction e. pneumonia

Answer 28

c. atelactasis

Question 29

Which of the following correctly traces the route of flow in the respiratory tract? a. pharynx > trachea > larynx > bronchi > bronchiole b. larynx > pharynx > trachea > bronchioles > bronchi c. pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchiole d. larynx > pharynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchiole e. larynx > pharynx > bronchi > trachea > bronchiole

Answer 29

c. pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchiole

Question 30

A baby holding its breath will a. have brain cells damaged because of low blood oxygen levels. b. suffer heart damage because of increased pressure in the carotid sinus and aortic arch areas. c. be called a “blue baby.” d. automatically start to breath again when the carbon dioxide levels in the blood reach a high enough value.

Answer 30

d. automatically start to breath again when the carbon dioxide levels in the blood reach a high enough value.

Question 31

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by a. active transport. b. filtration. c. diffusion. d. osmosis.

Answer 31

c. diffusion.

Question 32

Which term can be described as the percent of the vital capacity that can be exhaled in a given time such as 1 second? a. peak volume b. respiratory rate c. forced expiratory volume d. anaphylaxis rate e. vital capacity

Answer 32

c. forced expiratory volume

Question 33

A collapsed lung is known as a. thoracic arrest. b. a pneumothorax. c. pneumotax. d. the Haldane effect. e. atelactasis.

Answer 33

e. atelactasis.

Question 34

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, a. elastic recoil causes the lungs to collapse. b. the lungs cannot inflate. c. a pneumothorax has probably occurred. d. all of the above are true.

Answer 34

d. all of the above are true.

Question 35

The hard palate separates the a. left and right sides of the nasal cavity. b. nasal cavity from the larynx. c. external nares from the internal nares. d. soft palate from the nasal cavity. e. nasal cavity and the oral cavity.

Answer 35

e. nasal cavity and the oral cavity.

Question 36

When you inhale, your lungs expand easily because they have a. low elasticity. b. high compliance. c. low compliance. d. high elasticity. e. high resistance.

Answer 36

b. high compliance.

Question 37

The smallest passageways in the lung to have ciliated epithelia are a. terminal bronchioles. b. alveoli. c. tertiary bronchi. d. respiratory bronchioles. e. alveolar ducts.

Answer 37

a. terminal bronchioles.

Question 38

Emphysema would cause a(n) __________ in PO2, a(n)____________ in PCO2, and a(n) ______________ in pH. a. decrease; increase; decrease b. increase; decrease; increase c. decrease; increase; increase d. decrease; decrease; increase e. increase; decrease; decrease

Answer 38

a. decrease; increase; decrease

Question 39

If the blood lacked red blood cells but the lungs were functioning normally, a. the total oxygen content of arterial blood would be normal. b. the arterial partial pressure of oxygen would be normal. c. neither a nor b would apply. d. both a and b would apply.

Answer 39

b. the arterial partial pressure of oxygen would be normal.

Question 40

Surfactant a. protects the outer surface of the lungs. b. is not found in healthy lung tissue. c. helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing. d. phagocytizes small particles. e. replaces mucus in the alveoli.

Answer 40

c. helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing.

Question 41

CO2 can be transported through the blood in all of the following ways except a. dissolved in the blood. b. carbaminohemoglobin. c. bound to plasma proteins. d. as hydrogen. e. as bicarbonate.

Answer 41

d. as hydrogen.

Question 42

The chemoreceptors in the medulla oblangata are directly stimulated by a. decreased arterial partial pressure of oxygen. b. CSF hydrogen ions that are derived from blood carbon dioxide. c. blood hydrogen ions. d. blood carbon dioxide.

Answer 42

b. CSF hydrogen ions that are derived from blood carbon dioxide.

Question 43

A disease that interferes with alveolar gas exchange such as pneumonia would be expected to a. increase blood pH. b. increase transpulmonary pressure. c. decrease blood CO2. d. decrease transpulmonary pressure. e. decrease blood pH.

Answer 43

e. decrease blood pH.

Question 44

___ protects the lungs from damage by over-inflation. a. The apneustic center b. The baroreflex c. The inflation reflex d. Pulmonary compliance e. Airway resistance

Answer 44

c. The inflation reflex

Question 45

Surface tension at the surface of the water and air in alveoli resists inspiration. To decrease this surface tension, the great (type II) alveolar cells release a. mucus. b. bile. c. pleural fluid. d. lysozymes. e. surfactant.

Answer 45

e. surfactant.

Question 46

Which of the following determines the direction of gas movement? a. solubility in water b. partial pressure gradient c. molecular weight and size of the gas molecule d. temperature

Answer 46

b. partial pressure gradient

Question 47

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, a. the size of the pleural cavity decreases. b. the volume of the lungs decreases. c. intrapulmonary pressure increases. d. intrapleural pressure decreases.

Answer 47

d. intrapleural pressure decreases.

Question 48

Surface tension at the surface of the water and air in alveoli resists inspiration. To decrease this surface tension, the great alveolar cells secrete a. plueral fluid. b. surfactant. c. lysozymes. d. bile. e. mucus.

Answer 48

b. surfactant

Question 49

Suppose the atmospheric pressure at a given time is 765 mmHg, the intrapleural pressure during inspiration is 759 mmHg, and the intrapulmonary pressure is 763 mmHg. Under these conditions, which of the following would occur? a. inspiration b. It cannot be determined. c. expiration d. atelactasis e. COPD

Answer 49

a. inspiration

Question 50

When the inspiratory muscles contract, a. transpulmonary pressure becomes positive. b. the volume of the thoracic cavity is increased. c. the volume of the thoracic cavity is decreased. d. the diaphragm is lifted toward the thoracic cavity.

Answer 50

b. the volume of the thoracic cavity is increased.