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Disease Mechanisms > Ch 22: Female Genital Tract > Flashcards

Ch 22: Female Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what do the primordial germ cells from the wall of the yolk sac become in females

A

ovaries

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2
Q

what do the mullerian (paramesonephric ducts) become in females

A

fallopian tubes
uterus
cervix
upper vagina

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3
Q

what does the urogenital sinus become in females

A

lower part of the vagina
vestibule of external genitalia

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4
Q

what do the wolffian (mesonephric) ducts become in females

A

regress completely or become menonephric remnants near ovaries, tubes, and uterus

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5
Q

what does the mesothelium become in females

A

epithelial lining of female internal genital tract
ovarian surface

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6
Q

absence of which transcription factor leads to formation of Müllerian duct and regression of wolffian duct in females

A

SRY

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7
Q

what does the urogenital sinus become in males

A

penis
scrotum
prostate gland

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8
Q

what does the wolffian duct become in males

A

epididymis
vas deferens

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9
Q

what type of cells do the mesothelium turn into

A

thecal cells

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10
Q

what does the mesenchyme turn into

A

connective tissue - granulosa cells

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11
Q

the ovaries develop from which three sources

A

mesothelium
mesenchyme
primordial germ cells

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12
Q

when does the first polar body degenerate

A

between meiosis 1 and 2

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13
Q

when does the second polar body degenerate

A

after the sperm fertilizes an oocyte

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14
Q

explain production of female hormones

A

hypothalamus produces GnRH
anterior pituitary produces LH and FSH
LH stimulates thecal cells to make androgens
FSH stimulates granulosa cells to release make estrogens and inhibin
estrogen stimulates a follicle to mature and make its own estrogen

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15
Q

what does estrogen stimulate the anterior pituitary to do

A

make more FSH and LH

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16
Q

a surge of which hormone causes ovulation

A

LH

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17
Q

which three hormones are secreted by the corpus lutetium

A

progesterone
estrogen
inhibin

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18
Q

after 14 days of no fertilization, what happens to the corpus lutetium

A

it stops producing hormones and shrinks to become the corpus albicans

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19
Q

uterine disorders are most commonly affected by which three factors

A

endocrine imbalances
complications of pregnancy
neoplastic proliferation

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20
Q

what is the most common cause of dysfunctional uterine bleeding

A

hormonal disturbances

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21
Q

what is dysfunctional uterine bleeding

A

disturbance of the normal cyclical process, usually due to anovulation (no release of egg)

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22
Q

what causes abnormal uterine bleeding in prepuberty women

A

precocious puberty (early puberty)

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23
Q

which two things cause abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescent women

A

anovulatory cycle (no release of egg)
coagulation disorders

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24
Q

which three things cause abnormal uterine bleeding in women of reproductive age

A

complications of pregnancy
anatomic lesions
anovulatory cycle (no release of egg)

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25
Q

which two things cause abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal women

A

anovulatory cycle (no release of egg)
anatomic lesions (cancer or polyps)

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26
Q

which two things cause abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women

A

endometrial atrophy
anatomic lesions (cancer or polyps)

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27
Q

what is an anovulatory cycle

A

failure to release an egg which leads to excessive endometrial stimulation by estrogens unopposed by progesterone

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28
Q

what causes anovulatory cycles

A

hormonal imbalances

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29
Q

who is most susceptible to anovulatory cycles

A

women first starting their period (menarche) and perimenopausal women

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30
Q

what are the two major effects of an anovulatory cycle

A

architectural changes
endometrial hyperplasia

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31
Q

what is endometrial hyperplasia

A

increase in number of glands relative to the stroma

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32
Q

what is the most common cause of endometrial hyperplasia

A

unopposed estrogen stimulation which leads to abnormal vaginal bleeding

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33
Q

what is the second most common cause of endometrial hyperplasia

A

mutation of PTEN tumor suppressor gene
makes you more susceptible to endometrial cancers

34
Q

what is endometriosis

A

presence of ectopic endometrial tissue (glands and stroma) outside of the uterus

35
Q

what are the three most common locations to have endometriosis

A

ovaries
uterine ligaments
rectovaginal septum

36
Q

who is most commonly affected by endometriosis

A

women between the ages of 30-40

37
Q

what are the three types of endometriosis

A

superficial peritoneal
ovarian
deep infiltration

38
Q

which two types of endometriosis are associated with development of malignancy

A

superficial peritoneal
ovarian

39
Q

what is the regurgitation theory of endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue flows through and out the tubes instead of out of the body through the vagina

40
Q

what is the benign metastasis theory of endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue spreads through blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

41
Q

what is the metaplastic theory of endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue arises from coelomic (abdominal) epithelium

42
Q

what is the extrauterine stem/progenitor cell theory

A

stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow becomes endometrial tissue

43
Q

what are the three clinical consequences of endometriosis

A

infertility
dysmenorrhea (severe period cramps)
pelvic pain

44
Q

what is adenomyosis

A

presence of endometrial tissue within the myometrium
made of stroma with or without glands

45
Q

what are endometrial polyps

A

exophytic masses of tissue that project into the endometrial tissue
can grow in the presence of estrogen

46
Q

what are the two types of endometrial polyps

A

hyperplastic
atrophic

47
Q

who is most at risk for hyperplastic endometrial polyps

A

women in their 40s

48
Q

who is most at risk for atrophic endometrial polyps

A

postmenopausal women

49
Q

what are the two most common ovarian lesions

A

cysts (functional or benign)
tumors

50
Q

what are follicle and luteal cysts

A

cysts filled with serous fluid and lined by a membrane

51
Q

where do follicle cysts originate from

A

unruptered Graafian follicles

52
Q

where do luteal cysts grow

A

on corpus luteum

53
Q

what is thought to cause polycystic ovarian syndrome (POS) or stein leventhal syndrome

A

dysregulation of enzymes which leads to excessive androgen production

54
Q

what are 6 characteristics of polycystic ovarian syndrome (POS) or stein leventhal syndrome

A

hyperandrogenism
menstrual abnormalities
polycystic ovaries
chronic anovulation
decreased fertility
rarely virilization (male body characteristics)

55
Q

polycystic ovarian syndrome (POS) or stein leventhal syndrome is associated with which three conditions

A

obesity
diabetes mellitus 2
premature atherosclerosis

56
Q

what is stromal hyperthecosis or cortical stromal hyperplasia

A

nests of thecal cells in the ovarian stroma

57
Q

who is most susceptible to stromal hyperthecosis or cortical stromal hyperplasia

A

postmenopausal women

58
Q

what are 5 characteristics of a women with stromal hyperthecosis or cortical stromal hyperplasia

A

bilateral enlarged ovary
hyperandrogenism
hyperinsulinemia
obesity
virilization

59
Q

what are the three types of ovarian tumors

A

mullerian epithelium
germ cells
sex cord-stromal cells

60
Q

when are women most at risk for benign ovarian tumors

A

20-45 years of age

61
Q

when are women most at risk for malignant ovarian tumors

A

45-65 years of age

62
Q

are ovarian tumors mostly benign or malignant

A

benign

63
Q

what are three classifications of epithelial tumors

A

differentiation
epithelium proliferation
low grade (type 1) or high grade (type 2)

64
Q

what are the three major histologic types used to differentiate epithelial tumors

A

serous
mucinous
endometrioid

65
Q

what are the three major epithelium proliferation classifications of tumors

A

benign
malignant
borderline

66
Q

what are the three main types of benign epithelial tumors

A

cystadenoma
cystadenofibroma
adenofibroma

67
Q

germ cell tumors make up what percentage of all ovarian tumors

A

15-20%

68
Q

what is the most common germ cell tumor in women of reproductive age

A

benign cyst teratoma

69
Q

who is most likely to have malignant germ cell tumor in women

A

young women and children

70
Q

what are the four types of germ cell tumors in females

A

dysgerminoma
yolk sac tumor
choriocarcinoma
teratoma

71
Q

what is a dysgerminoma

A

malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary
differentiates towards oogonia

72
Q

what is a yolk sac tumor in females

A

malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary
differentiates towards extra embryonic yolk sac

73
Q

what is a choriocarcinoma in females

A

malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary
differentiates towards placenta

74
Q

what is a teratoma

A

typically benign germ cell tumor of the ovary
made of multiple germ layers

75
Q

what do sex cord-stromal tumors arise from in females

A

ovarian stroma which comes from the sex cords of the embryonic glands

76
Q

what is the most common type of malignant sex cord-stromal tumor in females and why are they so aggressive

A

granuloma cell tumors - can come back many years after resection and are hormonally active

77
Q

what are the four main types of sex cord-stromal tumors in females

A

granulosa cell tumors
fibromas
pure thecomas
sertoli-leydig cell tumors

78
Q

what are two characteristics of fibromas

A

unilateral
hormonally inactive

79
Q

are pure thecomas hormonally active

A

yes

80
Q

what are two characteristics of sertoli-leydig cell tumors in females

A

masculinization (development of male characteristics)
very rarely reoccur or metastasize

81
Q

which mutation has been known to cause sertoli-leydig cell tumors in females

A

mutations in DICER1 gene

Disease Mechanisms (19 decks)

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