Ch 22 Respiratory System

Question 1

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial

Answer 1

• lines nasal cavity
• warms air due to high vascularity
• mucous moistens air and traps dust
• cilia moves mucous towards pharynx

Question 2

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 2

• found in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxillary

- lighten skull and resonate voice

Question 3

Pharynx

Answer 3

• muscular tube hanging from skull
• passageway for food and air
• resonating chamber for speech prod
• tonsils in the walls protects the entryway into body

Question 4

Nasopharynx

Answer 4

• from conchae to soft plate

- passageway for air only

Question 5

Oropharynx

Answer 5

• from soft plate to epiglottis

- common passageway for food and air

Question 6

Laryngopharynx

Answer 6

Extends from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

- passageway for food and air and ends as esophagus inferiorly

Question 7

Cartilages of the larynx

Answer 7

Thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage

Question 8

Thyroid cartilage

Answer 8

Forms the Adam’s apple and houses the vocal cords

Question 9

Epiglottis

Answer 9

• leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage
• during swallowing, larynx moves upward
• bends to cover glottis

Question 10

Cricoid cartilage

Answer 10

Ring of cartilage attached to top of trachea

Question 11

Trachea

Answer 11

• 5 in long and 1 in diameter

- extends from larynx to T5 anterior to the esophagus and then splits into bronchi

Question 12

4 layers of the trachea

Answer 12

Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia

Question 13

Mucosa

Answer 13

Pseudo stratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells

Question 14

Submucosa

Answer 14

Loose CT and seromucous glands

Question 15

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 15

16-20 incomplete rings

Question 16

Adventitia

Answer 16

Binds it to other organs

Question 17

Primary bronchi

Answer 17

Supply each lung

Question 18

Secondary bronchi

Answer 18

Supply each lobe of the lungs

Question 19

Tertiary bronchi

Answer 19

Supply each bronchopulmonary segment

Question 20

Bronchioles

Answer 20

Repeated branchings that form a bronchial tree

Question 21

Type I alveolar cells

Answer 21

Simple squamous cells: where gas exchange occurs

Question 22

Type II alveolar cells

Answer 22

• septal cells
• free surface has microvilli
• secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant

Question 23

Alveolar dust cells

Answer 23

Wandering macrophages to remove debris

Question 24

Alveolar-capillary membrane

Answer 24

• exchange of gas from alveoli to blood
• 4 layers to cross: alveolar epithelial wall of type I cells, alveolar epithelial basement, capillary basement membrane, and capillary endothelial cells

Question 25

Breathing or pulmonary ventilation

Answer 25

- air moves into lungs when pressure inside lungs is less that atmospheric pressure - air moves out of lungs when pressure inside lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure

Question 26

Forced expiration

Answer 26

- abdominal mm forces diaphragm up | - internal intercostals depress ribs

Question 27

Forced inspiration

Answer 27

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis minor lift chest upwards as you gasp for air

Question 28

Pneumotaxic area

Answer 28

- superior pons - constant inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area - neurons trying to turn off inspiration before lungs get too expanded

Question 29

Apneustic area

Answer 29

- inferior pons - stimulatory signals to inspiratory area to prolong inspiration - only if pneumotaxic area is inactive

Question 30

Cortical influences

Answer 30

- voluntarily alter breathing patterns - limitations are build up of CO2 and H+ in blood - inspiratory center is stimulated by increase in either

Question 31

Central chemoreceptors in medulla

Answer 31

Respond to changes in hydrogen or CO2 concentrations in CSF

Question 32

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 32

- respond to changes in H+, O2, or CO2 | - in walls of aorta and common carotids

Question 33

Negative feedback regulation of breathing

Answer 33

- increase of arterial pCO2 - stimulates receptors - inspiratory center - muscles of respiration contract more frequently and forcefully - pCO2 decreases - return to homeostasis

Question 34

The respiratory system

Answer 34

- cells continually use O2 and release CO2 - designed for gas exchange - cardiovascular system transports gases in blood