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Question 1

Before plants were able to live in terrestrial habitats, they needed ways to

Answer 1

absorb minerals, conserve water, and reproduce on land.

Question 2

Many plants have vascular tissues that act as

Answer 2

pipelines for carrying water from roots to leaves and for moving carbohydrates from leaves to roots.

Question 3

Plants exhibit a life cycle in which

Answer 3

a haploid individual that produces gametes alternates with a diploid individual that produces spores.

Question 4

The first plants to invade land lacked

Answer 4

roots, stems, and leaves. They took in water and other substances by osmosis and diffusion.

Question 5

Nonvascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, have

Answer 5

vascular tissue that is very simple in design.

Question 6

Modern vascular plants are distinguished by the following features:

Answer 6

a dominant sporophyte, specialized conducting tissues, and a distinctive body form.

Question 7

The first vascular plants, such as ferns, were

Answer 7

seedless and required a film of water for fertilization.

Question 8

The first seed-bearing plants were

Answer 8

gymnosperms

Question 9

gymnosperms

Answer 9

produce seeds that develop in cones.

Question 10

Angiosperms are ___ plants,

Answer 10

flowering

Question 11

Angiosperms

Answer 11

produce seeds that develop within fruits.

Question 12

A seed is a

Answer 12

sporophyte plant embryo surrounded by a protective coat.

Question 13

Angiosperms are

Answer 13

the most successful plants, comprising 90 percent of all living plant species.

Question 14

Flowers are

Answer 14

reproductive structures that generally consist of four whorls of appendages.

Question 15

In many angiosperms,

Answer 15

flower structure is suited for a particular type of pollination.

Question 16

Before ANY life could come on land, what needed to be solved? how?

Answer 16

the UV radiation problem was taken care of by photosynthetic bacteria and algae in the oceans. When the oceans become oxygen saturated oxygen gas O2 escapes into the lower atmosphere where it accumulates until it reaches the upper atmosphere where it is then converted to O3 (ozone) that will block harmful UV radiation… so that life could (eventually and much later) come on land. Again, there was a spurt of speciation, where a whole lot of new species arose because of new (land) resources/jobs available.

Question 17

3 obstacles to life on land:

Answer 17

Absorb minerals from rocky surface
Conserve water
Reproduce with lack of water

Question 18

Absorbing Minerals

Answer 18

close mutualistic association between fungi and plants, similar to modern day mychorrhizae (present in 80% of all plants):

fungi phosphorous + minerals -> plants

Question 19

Ectomychorrhizae

Answer 19

do not penetrate plant root cells

Question 20

Endomychorrhizae

Answer 20

do penetrate plant root cells

Question 21

Conserving water

Answer 21

Develop water tight waxy covering called cuticle.

Question 22

Somata

Answer 22

passages through cuticle to exchange gases and pass water vapor.

Question 23

Guard cells control

Answer 23

stomata.

Question 24

Reproducing on land

Answer 24

plants have to develop mechanisms for fertilization without water. Mosses, ferns & several plants still rely on nearby water to move male gametes, but most other plants enclose male gametes in multicellular pollen grains to maintain water content and protect while transported by wind or animals to female gamete.

Question 25

Plants eventually evolve to have what

Answer 25

vascular duct system to move nutrients and waste to various parts.

Question 26

Phloem

Answer 26

(soft walled) | conducts nutrients down from leaves.

Question 27

Xylem

Answer 27

(hard walled) | water and dissolved minerals & nutrients move up from roots.

Question 28

Transpiration

Answer 28

causes one water molecule to leave the stoma which pulls the next because of the polar attraction.

Question 29

Sporic Meiosis

Answer 29

Alternation of generations.

Question 30

Alternation of generations.

Answer 30

1. Multi-cellular haploid Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis. 2. Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote (Fertilization) 3. Zygote divide nuclei by mitosis to become multicelluar diploid sporophyte 4. Sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis 5. Spores divide nuclei by mitosis to become multicelluar haploid gametophyte In most plants we know, gametophyte lives within dominant sporophyte.

Question 31

Water transport

Answer 31

non-vascular | vascular

Question 32

Non-vascular

Answer 32

water mostly transferred by osmosis and diffusion throughout body (limits their size). Non-vascular have dominant haploid gametophyte stage.

Question 33

Vascular

Answer 33

have dominant diploid sporophyte stage.

Question 34

Meristems

Answer 34

zones of growth.

Question 35

Roots

Answer 35

below ground structure for water and mineral intake.

Question 36

Shoots

Answer 36

above ground structure for photosynthetic functions.

Question 37

Non-vascular plants (like mosses liverworts and Hornworts)

Answer 37

dominant gametophyte support dependent sporophyte

Question 38

All Vascular plants have:

Answer 38

- A vascular system (advantage = material transport system allows plant to be taller and outcompetes non-vascular plants) - A dominant sporophyte generation - A distinctive body form (roots and shoots)

Question 39

Ferns

Answer 39

dominant sporophyte, wholly independent gametophyte

Question 40

gymnosperms and angiosperm plants

Answer 40

dominant sporophyte supports dependent gametophyte

Question 41

5 advanced vascular plant phyla

Answer 41

4 phyla are gymnosperms 1 phylum is angiosperm

Question 42

gymnosperms

Answer 42

seed doesn’t develop in fruit, no flowers

Question 43

angiosperm

Answer 43

seed develops in fruit AND flowers latest and most evolved phylum.

Question 44

Seed plants produce two kinds of gametophytes:

Answer 44

Microspores produce microgametophytes (pollen) which then produces male gametes Megaspores (located in ovules) produce megagametophytes which then produces female gametes

Question 45

Gymnosperm (advanced vascular plant) features/advantages over ferns:

Answer 45

Seeds (functions): - Protect plant embryo (seed coat) - Most provide food supply - Provide dispersal mode - Keep embryo viable until good environmental -conditions (lies dormant) Pollen - delivers sperm to egg by wind (no water needed)

Question 46

Microspores

Answer 46

produce microgametophytes (pollen) which then produces male gametes

Question 47

Megaspores

Answer 47

(located in ovules) produce megagametophytes which then produces female gametes

Question 48

Pollen grain

Answer 48

(a few haploid spores surrounded by protective wall) is a mature microspore that contains microgametophyte

Question 49

Life cycle of conifers (cone gymnosperms):

Answer 49

- Makes two kinds of cones – one produces a large amount pollen grains with sacs (for air dispersal) & one produces seed cones - Seed cones open to expose ovules. - Pollen grains land and send tubes to ovules to transfer sperm to eggs - Fertilized zygote becomes embryo - Embryo lies dormant while seed forms around - Seeds helicopter from cone to place away from parents

Question 50

Angiosperm advantages over Gymnosperm:

Answer 50

- Structure/Feature - Seeds develop in fruits that aids in seed dispersal away from parents. Fruit - mature ovary containing seeds. Some used to attract animals to eat it and disperse seeds. Most fruits disperse by wind, water and sticking to animals. - Structure/Feature - Flowers attract pollinators for much more efficient delivery of sperm - Procedure - double fertilization. Endosperm results from double fertilization. Microgametophytes of gymnosperms produce two sperm, one of which dies. The two sperms of angiosperms both fertilize: One haploid sperm fertilizes haploid egg to produce diploid zygote (embryo), other sperm fuses with two nuclei of haploid cells to produce triploid cell (endosperm tissue).

Question 51

Angiosperms are

Answer 51

most recent and advanced, most numerous 90% of plant species, much more efficient reproduction – animals transport pollen directly to other plants.

Question 52

Four whorls of flowers:

Answer 52

Calyx Corrolla Androecium Gynoecium

Question 53

Calyx

Answer 53

one or more sepals (modified leaves) that protect buds.

Question 54

Corrolla

Answer 54

petals, bright and sometimes scented to attract pollinators

Question 55

Androecium

Answer 55

one or more stamens that produce microspores. Made of one or more stamens. Stamen parts: Filaments. Anther

Question 56

Gynoecium

Answer 56

one or more pistils. Ovules develop in lower swollen part called ovary. Stigma sits atop elongated style and is the landing platform for pollen.

Question 57

Filaments

Answer 57

Long slender stalk.

Question 58

Anther

Answer 58

sits atop filament and contains pollen grains.

Question 59

Stigma

Answer 59

Swollen sticky tip, sits atop slender style.

Question 60

Complete flowers

Answer 60

have all 4 whorls

Question 61

Perfect flowers

Answer 61

have both Androecium & Gynoecium

Question 62

Imperfect flowers cannot self-fertilize so

Answer 62

they MUST cross pollinate which increases genetic diversity.

Question 63

Insects, birds and bats pollinate. | Bees are most numerous pollinators (20,00 species)

Answer 63

Bee flowers – blue or yellow & scented Butterfly flowers – large landing platforms and deep tube necks containing nectar Fly flowers – smell like rotting meat Moth flowers – pale and heavy scented Bat flowers – large and heavy scent Hummingbird flowers – red

Question 64

Endosperm

Answer 64

highly nutritious seed tissue developed by angiosperms, begins at same time as embryo.

Question 65

cotyledon.

Answer 65

Endosperm of some angiosperms transferred into embryo’s fleshy part

Question 66

Dicot

Answer 66

2 cotyledon Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Veins usually netlike

Question 67

Monocot

Answer 67

1 cotyledon multiples of 3 parallel

Question 68

Feature/Benefit/Organism in which first evolved Vascular system Pollen Seeds Seeds develop in fruit Flowers Double fertilization

Answer 68

Vascular system: Can be taller and get more sunlight than non-vascular Ferns Pollen: Sperm and get to egg without water (by wind) Gymnosperm Seeds: · Protect plant embryo (seed coat) mostly from losing water · Most provide food supply · Provide dispersal mode (so it does NOT have to compete with tall parents · Dormancy keeps embryo viable until good environmental conditions Gymnosperm Seeds develop in fruit: Dispersal of seeds Angiosperm Flowers: Attracts pollinators for more efficient delivery of sperm Angiosperm Double fertilization Endosperm (very nutritious) Angiosperm