Ch. 2.3 Life Substances II

Question 1

What is organic chemistry?

Answer 1

The branch of chemistry that deals with the structure, properties and reactions of compounds that contain carbon.

Question 2

How many electrons does carbon have?

Answer 2

6 electrons and 4 electrons in its outermost energy level.

Question 3

Why is carbon unique?

Answer 3

Because it can potentially form four bonds with other elements - single, double,triple bonds can be formed.`

Question 4

When carbon atoms bond with each other they form?

Answer 4

Chain, branched or ring formations.

Question 5

**What is a biomolecule?

Answer 5

Large organic compounds (contains 10s, 100s, to 1000s of carbon atoms.

Question 6

What is an isomer?

Answer 6

Compounds with same chemical formula but different molecular structure.

Question 7

**What is a polymer?

Answer 7

A large molecule formed when many small molecules (monomers) bind together.

Question 8

What is it called when a polymer is formed?

Answer 8

The chemical reaction is called dehydration synthesis and a H20 molecule is removed.

Question 9

What is it called when a polymer is broken down?

Answer 9

The chemical reaction is called hydrolysis and a H20 molecule is added to separate the molecule.

Question 10

**What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 10

A biomolecule composed of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen is a 1:2:1 ratio.

Question 11

What does the word carbohydrate mean?

Answer 11

Watered Carbon

Question 12

**What does the prefix glyco refer to?

Answer 12

Sugar

Question 13

**What does the suffix - ose refer to?

Answer 13

It is used to name sugars.

Question 14

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 14

An immediate energy source, short-term energy storage, and structural support.

Question 15

What are the types of carbohydrates?

Answer 15

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide.

Question 16

**What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 16

Carbohydrates can occur as a single monomer unit. A simple (small) sugar. E.g., glucose, fructose.

Question 17

**What is a disaccharide?

Answer 17

Two monosaccharides linked together. E.g., dehydration reaction of glucose and fructose (table sugar).

Question 18

**What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 18

Carbohydrates can also be found as polymers composed of many monosaccharide subunits.

Question 19

**What is cellulose?

Answer 19

A polysaccharide that provides structural support in plants. A glucose polymer used by plants for structure. It is made of oblong chains arranged like a chained link fence.

Question 20

**What are starches?

Answer 20

A polysaccharide composed of branched glucose rings. A glucose polymer arranged in branched chains. Used by plants for energy storage and food for seeds and bulbs.

Question 21

**What is glycogen?

Answer 21

A polysaccharide that is more highly branched than starch. A highly branched glucose polymer which is stored energy in the liver and muscles by mammals.

Question 22

**What is chitin?

Answer 22

A polysaccharide that can be found in Kingdoms Animalia and Fungi. A structural polymer used the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi. (also used as internal sutures)

Question 23

**What is a lipid?

Answer 23

Large biomolecules (nonpolar) that are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen. It can be reduced to a 1:2:1 ratio. Include fats, oils, waxes and steroids.

Question 24

Are lipids insoluble in water?

Answer 24

Yes, because their molecules are nonpolar and repel water. E.g., fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

Question 25

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 25

Storing energy, signaling, and acting as the structural components of cell membranes.

Question 26

**What are the components of a lipid?

Answer 26

Three fatty acids, one glycerol molecule, referred to as a triglyceriad, most contain chains of carbons and hydrogens called hydrocarbons.

Question 27

**Lipids can be?

Answer 27

Saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated.

Question 28

**What is a saturated lipid (fatty acid)?

Answer 28

Have the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms possible. All of the carbon atoms are single and bonded together.

Question 29

**What is an unsaturated lipid (fatty acid)?

Answer 29

Have fewer hydrogen atoms because there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Less hydrogen present.

Question 30

What is a polyunsaturated lipid?

Answer 30

Has more than one double bond between carbons.

Question 31

Why is a polyunsaturated lipid important health wise?

Answer 31

There are less H+ ions to clog blood vessels.

Question 32

**Steroids?

Answer 32

Polyunsaturated lipids that include cholesterol and sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone).

Question 33

**What are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers?

Answer 33

Phospholipids

Question 34

What do most phospholipids contain?

Answer 34

A diglyceride and a phosphate group.

Question 35

What are the polar heads and tails of a phospholipid?

Answer 35

The polar heads are hydrophillic and the non polar tails are hydrophobic.

Question 36

**What does the word carbohydrate literally mean?

Answer 36

Watered carbon.

Question 37

**Glucose?

Answer 37

Is a carbohydrate and the most important simple sugar (monosaccharide) in human metabolism.

Question 38

**What is a fatty acid?

Answer 38

Long, linear hydrocarbon chains with a carboxylic acid group.

Question 39

**What is glycerol?

Answer 39

A 3-carbon compound that is commonly found combined with fatty acids tails.

Question 40

**Triglyceride?

Answer 40

A molecule derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. It is mainly in vegetable oil and animal fats. An important source of energy in animals.

Question 41

**Phospholipid?

Answer 41

Consists of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. An important component of cell membranes.

Question 42

**What does a hydrocarbon chain look like as saturated and unsaturated?

Answer 42

Saturated has maximum amount of hydrogen atoms; unsaturated has fewer. Draw.

Question 43

**Cell membrane?

Answer 43

Lipids are an important component; the major component is the phospholipid. The cell membrane is referred to as the phospholipid bilayer because it is composed of two layers of phospholipids.

Question 44

**Steroid hormones?

Answer 44

Lipids that send messages throughout the body. "Chemical messengers." E.g., male sex hormone that guides male sexual development.

Question 45

**Oil?

Answer 45

A triglyceride at room temperature.

Question 46

**Wax?

Answer 46

Simple lipid, long chain fatty-acid, not soluble in water.