Ch 23. Rectum/Anus/Prostate Flashcards
1
Q
Types of Anal sphincters
A
External (voluntary control)+ Internal (involuntary control) Sphincter
2
Q
Subjective
A
Usual bowel routine
Change in bowel habits
Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool
Medications (laxatives, stool softeners, iron)
Rectal conditions (pruritus, hemorrhoids, fissure, fistula)
Family history
Self-care behaviours (diet of high-fibre foods, most recent examinations)
3
Q
OBSERVATION: Rectal Examination
A
Spread the buttocks Observe perianal region Anus: hemorrhoids, rashes, cuts, sores No lesions present Sacrococcygeal area Do Valsalva maneuver: extra pressure makes things more visible
4
Q
Screening for Prostate Cancer
- risk factos
- screening
A
Most common cancer in Canadian men
Risk factors
- Age >65 years
- Family history
- Diet high in fat
- African ancestry
Screening
- Discuss risks and benefits of testing with men aged 50 years and older
- DRE (digital rectal examination)
- PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
5
Q
Risk factors for Colorectal Cancer
A
Age >50 years History of polyps Family history of colorectal cancer Familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer Inflammatory bowel disease Diet high in red and processed meats Alcohol consumption Smoking Physical inactivity Obesity Ashkenazi (Eastern European Jewish) ancestry
6
Q
Screening for Colorectal Cancer
A
- Third most common cancer in Canadian men and women
- screening for men and women aged 50+ years every two years
- People at high risk can be screened at an earlier age
- Fecal occult blood test (gFOBT, iFOBT, or FIT)
- Positive FOBT may be followed up by a colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, double contrast barium enema
