Ch. 23 Upper GI Diseases Flashcards
(32 cards)
Name all the parts of the upper GI tract. [10]
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Epiglottis
- Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)
- Esophagus
- Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)
- Stomach
- Pyloric Sphincter
- Salivary glands
- Trachea*
*Not sure why trachea was on the slides about the GI organs…it’s technically part of the respiratory system.
What are some reasons for difficulty in chewing?
Problems with teeth or lack thereof
Poor oral care
Dentures
Mouth surgery
What are the 6 types of diets people can be on (think in terms of texture and consistency)?
- Clear liquid diet
- Full liquid diet
- Pureed
- Mechanical Soft (M/S)
- Soft
- Regular
Clear Liquid Diet
Least texture
Broth, jello, coffee, tea, juice
Full Liquid Diet
Anything on the clear liquid diet + cream soups, milk, ice cream, pudding…
Pureed Diet
Blenderized foods
Mechanical Soft Diet
Altering texture of meat
–ex: hamburger patty chopped up really fine, or ground up into tiny pieces
Canned fruits, canned vegetables
Soft Diet
Meat (as long as it’s very tender)
Fresh food as long as it’s very soft
Regular Diet
Most texture
Regular food
What is the importance of thickening liquids?
To keep liquids from going into the lungs
Can you thicken coffee?
NO
Mouth Ulcers
Lesions or sores in lining of mouth
Causes: Radiation treatment, viral infections, chemo meds
Dietary intervention:
- -decrease spicy, salty, or acidic foods
- -may need softer texture
- -prefer cold food and beverages
Dry Mouth
Causes: radiation therapy, chemo meds, aging
Dietary Intervention: lemon drops, sugarless gum; moist, soft foods (use gravy, margarine/butter)
Need proper oral hygiene.
- -Saliva is needed to help prevent cavities and such
- -DO NOT OVERLOOK THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS
What is Dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing
Oropharyngeal Phase of Dysphagia
Involves mouth and pharynx
Reasons/At Risk: Alzheimer’s, Lou Gehrig’s (ALS), MS, Parkinson’s, Stroke
People with Dysphagia are at risk for Aspiration Pneumonia
What is Aspiration Pneumonia? Who is at risk for it?
Food can end up in lungs because they can’t swallow properly, and the bacteria can form and cause pneumonia.
People with dysphagia are at risk for aspiration pneumonia
Esophageal Phase of Dysphagia
Involves Esophagus
Causes: cancer (CA), Stricture (narrowing of the esophagus)
What are complications of dysphagia?
Aspiration
Malnutrition
Weight loss may occur
Increased risk of dehydration
What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?
Weakening or inappropriate relaxation of the LES –> get back flow of gastric contents into esophagus
What are causes of GERD?
Hormonal
Medical conditions (obesity, hiatal hernia)
Smoking
Medications the patient is taking
Diet (one of the causes we’re most interested in)
What foods should you avoid/limit in people who have GERD?
ETOH Peppermint Spearmint Garlic Onion Chocolate High fat foods Caffeine (including decaf)
What are some lifestyle modifications people with GERD can make?
Lose weight Wear loose fitted clothing Avoid over-drinking and overeating Consume small meals Drink liquids between meals Remain elevated during and after eating Quit smoking
What are Peptic Ulcers?
Erosion of GI mucosa in stomach or small intestine
–esophagus (rare), stomach, duodenum
Ex: Gastric Ulcer
–H. pylori: 60% of patients with gastric ulcers
What are some contributors to Peptic Ulcers?
Pain medications
Other medications (ex: osteoporosis meds, anti-inflammatory meds)
Smoking (increases stomach acid)
ETOH
