Ch 24; Developmental Disorders

Question 1

Type of Learning Disabilities

Answer 1

Mental retardation
Mental Disorder
Reading disorder
Arithmetic disorder
Motor activity disorder

Question 2

Skills in Reading disabilites

Answer 2

letter identification 
phonological skills
grapheme skills
sequencing skills
short-term memory 
and 
Lexicon

Question 3

Type of reading disabilities

Answer 3

Phonological reading

graphemic reading

Question 4

Causes of Reading Disabilites

Answer 4

Phonological deficiency - impairement with sound awareness

Attentional dificiency- attention can not be easily shifted and problems with the association areas of the parietal lobe

Question 5

causes of reading disabilities

Answer 5

sensory deficiency
-tallal and colleaues- need a longer interval between tones to discriminate them (remediation - sound discrimination training)
-Magnocellualr theory- deficit in the visual system, processes black-white vision and movement.
Motor deficiency- cerebellar theory - cerebellum controls acts of movement timing and coordniation.

Question 6

Neuropsychological evaluation

Answer 6

dyslexics
iq test (wisc)

Question 7

non-language learning disabilities

Answer 7

hyperactivity, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, autism, fragile x syndrome, and fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 8

hyperactive-child syndrome

Answer 8

behavioral problems and learning disabilities

ADD, ADHD,

Question 9

Hyperactivity

Answer 9

higher incidence in boys
suggested causes
brain damage, encephalities, genetics, food allergies, lead, and environmental
Treatment: structured environment, pharmacological, and dietary supp.

Question 10

cerebral palsy

Answer 10

motor abnormalities and cognitive impairment may occur
associated - difficult labor, premature birth, and asphyxia. brain adnormalities - corticospinal tracts, basal ganglia, brainstem, and cerebellum

Question 11

Hydrocephalus

Answer 11

increased volume of csf. Results from shrinking of brain tissue around the ventricle, obstruction due expansion of the ventricle

Question 12

Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptom

Answer 12

without focal cerebral disease, display impaired social interation, bizarre, and narrow interests, and language and communication abnormalities
more in boys, genetic influences by viruses (prenatal rubella infection) brain abnormalities-> larger head and brain, fail of von Economo neurons to develop and brainstem

Question 13

autism spectrum disorder

Answer 13

asperger’s syndrome- mile and hyperplexia (precocious development of reading abilities)
savant syndrome- narrow range of special abilities and triad of retardation, blindness, and musical genius

Question 14

Fragile X syndrome

Answer 14

characterized by facial abnormalities, mental retardation. associated with attention deficits, hyperactivity, anxiety, and unstable moods
thin cortex, increase in ventricular size and poorly formed dendritic spines (due to abnormality in FMR1 gen on the x chromosome

Question 15

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 15

Physical malformation and mental retardation
brain abnormalities include looks like atropy
Learning disabilities, low iq, hyperactivity, and social problems

Question 16

Hormonal effects; the geschwind-galaburda theory

Answer 16

• testosterone allows greater time and space for the right himisphere to develop; creates asymmetry in the planum temporale
• testosterone increases susceptiblility in autoimmune disorders
• autopsies of learning disabled show abnormalities in the planum temporale

Question 17

Developmental influences on learing disabilities

Answer 17

abnormal cerebral lateralization- slowed
maturational lag- one level lag other will be delayed
environmental deprivation- can be long lasting
birthday effect-
genetic basis