Ch 25 Neuro Flashcards by Gloria Y

Name the 4 lobes and function of the cerebral cortex

Frontal lobe: personality, behaviour, emotions, intellectual function

Parietal lobe: postcentral gyrus for sensation

Occipital lobe: visual reception

Temporal lobe: auditory reception

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Wernicke’s area is located in ____ lobe and associated with ______

temporal lobe

language comprehension

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Broca’s area is located in ____ and associated with ____

frontal lobe
motor speech
(damage causes expressive aphasia)

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The ______ controls temperature, heart rate, BP, regulates sleep, controls autonomic nervous system and emotional state.

The ______ controls motor coordination of voluntary movement, equilibrium and muscle tone.

The ______ is where sensory pathways of the spinal cord and brain stem synapse.

hypothalamus - control station

cerebellum - motor coordination and equilibrium

thalamus - sensory pathways

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Brain stem has 3 areas:
_______ merges into thalamus and hypothalamus, has many motor neurons and tracts
_______ contains ascending and descending fibres
_______ is continuation of spinal cord in brain, has vital autonomic centres and nuclei for CN VIII to XII

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

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Pyramidal decussation of motor fibres occurs at ______

Medulla

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_________ contains sensory fibres that transmit sensation of pain, temperature, crude/light touch.

spinothalamic

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Fibres carrying pain and temperature sensations ascend ______ spinothalamic tract

Fibres carrying crude touch ascend ______ spinothalamaic tract

lateral

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The ________ column carries fibres conducting proprioception, vibration and fine touch (stereognosis)

posterior (dorsal) column

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Motor neurons in pyramidal tract (corticospinal) mediate ________ movement

voluntary movement

very fine eg writing
skilled and purposeful

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Extrapyramidal tract motor fibres maintain _____ and control _____

maintain muscle tone, control body movements (eg walking)

-more primitive motor system

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Upper motor neurons are located _______

completely in CNS
-eg corticospinal, corticobulbar, extrapyramidal tract
eg MS, CVA, cerebral paly

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Lower motor neurons are located _______

mostly in PNS
-cell body in anterior spinal cord but nerve fibre extends to muscle
eg cranial nerves, spinal nerves
eg spinal cord lesions, poliomyelitis, ALS

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What are the 4 types of reflexes? examples?

DTR eg patellar
superficial eg corneal, abdominal
visceral eg pupillary response to light/accommodation
pathological eg Babinski

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The 12 pairs of CN supply primarily ____ and ____ except vagus nerve which supplies ______

majority head and neck

vagus nerve: heart, resp muscles, stomach, gallbladder (think vagus = vagabond)

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Sensory afferent fibres enter spinal cord through ____ roots

Motor efferent fibres exit spinal cord through ____ roots

Sensory afferent: posterior (dorsal)

Motor efferent: anterior (ventral)

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Dermatomes

Thumb, middle finger, fifth finger: 
Axilla:
Nipple:
Umbilicus:
Groin:
Knee:

Dermatomes

Thumb, middle finder, fifth finger:  C6, 7, 8
Axilla: T1
Nipple: T4
Umbilicus: T10
Groin: L1
Knee: L4

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Syncope is sudden _______ caused by _____

sudden loss of strength, temp loss of consciousness

caused by lack of cerebral blood flow

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True vertigo is sensation of _____ caused by _______

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sensation of rotational spinning

caused by neurological disease in vestibular apparatus in ear or vestibular nuclei in brain stem

Paresis is _____

Paralysis is _____

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Paresis: weakness of voluntary movements
Paralysis: loss of motor function due to lesion in neurological/muscular system or loss of sensory innervation

Dysmetria is inability to ______

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control ROM of muscles

Dysarthria is difficulty with ______

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forming words

aphasia = difficulty with language comprehension/expression

What is the sequence of order for complete neuro exam?

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MH
cranial nerves
motor
sensory
reflexes

CN II optic nerve is tested by:

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visual acuity
visual fields by confrontation
fundoscopy

CN III, IV and VI is tested by:

PERRLA EOM nystagmus

CN V trigeminal nerve is tested by: what are the 3 branches?

Motor: clench teeth, separate jaw sensory: light touch to 3 areas, corneal reflex V1: ophthalmic V2: maxillary V3: mandibular

Corneal reflex tests ____ and _____

sensory afferent CN V | motor efferent CN VII

CN VII facial nerve is tested by:

motor: make faces - also against resistance sensory: not routine, taste

CN VIII auditory nerve is tested by:

whisper test | Weber, Rinne

CN IX and X is tested by:

motor: ahhhh, gag reflex sensory: not routine, taste posterior third

CN XI spinal accessory nerve is tested by:

sternomastoid and trapezius muscle - rotate against resistance - shrug shoulders

CN XII hypoglossal nerve is tested by:

- tongue | - light tight dynamite

How do you test posterior column tract?

- vibration - position - stereognosis, graphesthesia, two point discrimination for fine tactile touch

What is extinction?

ability to recognize two simultaneous stimuli | -sensory cortex lesion will "extinguish" stimulus on side opposite lesion

# Define clonus Hyperreflexia occurs with ____ motor neuron lesions Hyporeflexia occurs with ____ motor neuron lesions

-rapid rhythmic contractions of same muscle Hyperreflexia: upper Hyporeflexia: lower

Spinal nerves: - biceps reflex - triceps reflex - brachioradialis reflex: - patellar reflex - ankle reflex

biceps: C5-6 triceps: C7-8 brachioradialis: C5-6 patellar: L2-L4 ankle: L5 - S2

Superficial cutaneous reflexes are absent with diseases of ____ tract Abdominal reflexes: tests spinal nerves _____ (upper) _____ (lower) cremasteric reflex: tests spinal nerves ____ plantar reflex: tests spinal nerves _____

superficial: absent with pyramidal tract upper: T8-T10 lower: T0-T12 cremasteric: L1-L2 (elevation of ipsilateral testicle) plantar: L4-S2

# Define and give example of cause - flaccidity - spasticity - ridigity

flaccidity: decreased muscle tone, muscle is soft and flabby, weak eg LMN injury spasticity: increased muscle tone, clasp knife (increased resistance then suddenly gives way) eg UMN injury rigidity: constant state of resistance (lead pipe) to passive movement in any direction eg extrapyramidal motor tract injury

Intention tremor is ____ with voluntary movement. Resting tremor ______ with voluntary movement

Intention: worse Resting: partly/completely disappears

_____ is sudden, rapid, jerky purposeless movement, irregular - accentuated with voluntary movement ____ is slow writhing twisting continuous movement

Chorea Athetosis

Hemiplegia occurs from damage to ______ tract. | ______ motor neuron damage occurs _____ pyramidal decussation so motor impairment is on ____ side

damage to corticospinal tract - upper motor neuron damage - above pyramidal decussation - motor impairment on contralateral side

What function is affected by: - dysphonia - dysarthria - aphasia

dysphonia: voice (articulation intact) - speaking dysarthria: articulation (language intact) - saying aphasia: language comprehension and expression - understanding

Broca's aphasia is _____ aphasia. | Able to ____ but cannot _____

expressive can understand, cannot express with language repetition and reading aloud is impaired listening/reading comprehension intact

Wernicke's aphasia is _____ aphasia | Able to ____ abut cannot _______

receptive can speak but cannot relate them to previous experiences speech is fluent, effortless but doesn't make sense repetition, reading, writing impaired

Reflex arc: Tapping the tendon stretches ______ in muscle to activates _____ nerve ----> signal travels through ____ root into spinal cord. At the spinal cord, they synapse with motor neuron in ____ horn Motor efferent fibres leave via ____ root and travel to muscle

muscles spindles sensory afferent nerve --> dorsal root --> synapse at anterior horn --> motor efferent fibres leave via ventral root --> muscle

Ch 25 Neuro Flashcards

(45 cards)