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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Ch 25- The Urinary System (Anatomy) > Flashcards

Ch 25- The Urinary System (Anatomy) Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

What volume of fluid is filtered by the kidneys every single day?

A

Around 200 Liters

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2
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Maintaining the composition of the body’s extracellular fluids by filtering the blood

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3
Q

What are the 5 ways in which the kidneys carry out their main function?

A
  1. Regulate total body water volume and concentration of solutes in water (keeping around 5.25 L)
  2. Regulate concentration of ions in the ECF
  3. Acid base balance by disposing of excess H+ and retaining bicarbonate
  4. Removing toxins, wastes, and foreign substances
  5. Hormone production- EPO and renin- important for renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism
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4
Q

The kidneys are one of the only organs without _____

A

visceral peritoneum

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5
Q

Each kidney lies between the _______ and the __________

A

parietal peritoneum; dorsal body wall

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6
Q

The kidneys are ________ organs (and what does this mean?)

A

retroperitoneal- outside the peritoneum

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7
Q

Where the ureters, renal blood vessels, and lymphatics enter, concave portion of kidney

A

Renal Hilum

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8
Q

What gland sits superior to each kidney?

A

Adrenal gland

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9
Q

Dense connective tissue that anchors kidneys to surrounding structures (body wall); prevents kidneys from moving

A

Renal fascia

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10
Q

Fat mass surrounding kidneys, cushions kidneys from physical trauma (shock absorber)

A

Perirenal fat capsule

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11
Q

Thin, transparent capsule that surrounds kidneys EXCEPT at the hilum, prevents disease from spreading to kidneys from other parts of the body

A

Fibrous capsule

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12
Q

Three major internal regions of the kidneys

A
  1. Renal cortex
  2. Renal medulla
  3. Renal pelvis
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13
Q

Function of the Renal Cortex

A

provides area for the glomerular capillaries and blood vessel passage; EPO produced here by tubule cells

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14
Q

Anatomy and Function of the Renal Medulla

A

Contains several renal pyramids, packed with capillaries ad urine-collecting tubes; allows for some water reabsorption (keeping body volume), electrolyte balance, disposal of waste and H+ ions

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15
Q

Open space in the center of each kidney

A

Renal pelvis

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16
Q

Pelvis branches to form ____ ______

A

major calyces

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17
Q

Major calyces lead into ___ ____ at the tip of each renal pyramid

A

minor calyces

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18
Q

Function of the calyces and pelvis

A

urine collection from the renal medulla

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19
Q

Blood vessels that deliver blood TO the kidneys, divide into smaller blood vessels to serve major regions of kidney

A

Renal arteries

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20
Q

Allows blood to reach multiple areas of the kidneys

A

Segmental arteries

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21
Q

Travel in between renal pyramids

A

Interlobar arteries

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22
Q

Arc over the bases of the pyramids, in contact with the renal cortex

A

arcuate arteries

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23
Q

Supply renal cortex, feed glomerular capillaries

A

Cortical radiate arteries

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24
Q

Veins in the kidneys trace the arterial supply, but in ______

A

reverse

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25
There are no _______ _____ in the kidneys
segmental veins
26
Order of kidney veins from smallest to largest
cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins
27
Nerve supply to the kidneys, autonomic nerve fibers and ganglia that control and optimize blood filtration
Renal plexus
28
_________ _________ ________ regulate blood supply to each kidney
Sympathetic vasomotor fibers
29
Function of the renal plexus
Adjusts the diameter of renal arterioles to adjust blood flow to the glomeruli
30
What is the importance of changing blood flow to the kidneys?
Controlling rate of filtration which then affects urine formation and therefore blood volume
31
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
The nephron
32
What is the function of the nephron?
Responsible for forming filtrate and eventually urine in the kidneys
33
Each nephron contains a ______ ______ and a _______ ______
renal corpuscle; renal tubule
34
Function of the renal corpuscle
Filters blood to form the filtrate; has blood filtering capillaries
35
Function of the renal tubule
Reabsorbs some substances from the filtrate and secretes other substances into the filtrate
36
What happens to anything that is secreted into filtrate or not reabsorbed by the filtrate?
Goes into urine for disposal
37
The renal corpuscle is located entirely within the ____ _____
renal cortex
38
Subdivisions of the renal corpuscle
1. Glomerulus (cluster of capillaries) 2. Glomerular capsule
39
Blood enter the glomerulus via the _____ arteriole, and leaves via the _______ arteriole
afferent; efferent
40
The capillaries of the glomerulus are ____ and _____
Fenestrated; porous
41
What is the significance of the glomerulus being the only structure in the body fed and drained by arterioles?
Arterioles have more force and pressure- this helps in filtration
42
What is the filtered fluid called after it leaves the glomerulus?
Filtrate (NOT urine!)
43
Double layered structure that completely surrounds glomerular capillaries
Glomerular capsule
44
Function of the glomerular capsule
Forms a shell, catches the filtrate and allows it to enter the renal tubules
45
The inner layer of the glomerular capsule has ____ and _____ ______
podocytes; foot processes
46
Importance of the podocytes and foot processes of the glomerular capsule
Important for the filtration mechanism: create a selective barrier that allows water and small molecules to pass through while preventing larger proteins and blood cells from entering the filtrate
47
The renal tubules begin in the ____ ____, extend into the _____ _____, then return to the _____ _____.
renal cortex; renal medulla; renal cortex
48
Subdivisions of the Renal Tubules and Collecting Duct
1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) 2. Nephron loop (Loop of Henle) 3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) 4. Collecting Ducts
49
Leads immediately off from the glomerulus, located in the renal cortex
PCT
50
Makeup of the PCT
large cuboidal epithelial cells with dense microvilli
51
Function of the dense microvilli in the PCT
increase surface area, good for absorption and secretion
52
Travels between the renal cortex and renal medulla
Nephron Loop/Loop of Henle
53
Leads off from PCT; high permeability to ____, impermeable to _____.
Descending limb of nephron loop; H2O, solutes
54
Continuous with the DCT, high permeability to _____, impermeable to ______.
Ascending limb; solutes, H2O
55
Function of the nephron loop
allows the kidneys to vary the concentration of urine according to how much water is reabsorbed at the nephron loop
56
Located in the cortex
DCT
57
Makeup of the DCT
small cuboidal epithelia, not much microvilli, smaller diameter than PCT
58
What does the microanatomy of the DCT indicate?
There is not a lot of absorption and secretion that occurs at the DCT
59
Collects whatever is left from the tubules
Collecting ducts
60
Important cell types in collecting ducts:
1. Principal cells 2. Intercalated cells
61
Cells in the collecting ducts that maintain Na+ balance in the body- as a result also influences the absorption of water
Principal cells
62
Cells in the collecting ducts that help maintain the acid-base balance
Intercalated cells
63
Each collecting duct receives ____ from tubules of ______ nephrons
filtrate; multiple
64
Collecting ducts fuse together, dump ____ into _____ ______
urine; minor calyces
65
Types of nephrons
1. Cortical nephrons 2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
66
Nephrons located almost entirely in the cortex, small portion of nephron loop found in the renal medulla
Cortical nephrons
67
Nephrons where nephron loops deeply invade the renal medulla
Juxtamedullary nephrons
68
________ nephrons can create _______ concentrated urine and control concentration more.
Juxtamedullary; more
69
Maintains high pressure from the arterioles to increase filtrate production
Glomerulus
70
Low pressure capillaries arising from the efferent arteriole; wrap around the PCT and DCT of cortical nephrons
Peritubular capillaries
71
Function of the peritubular capillaries
Reabsorb water and solutes from tubule cells
72
Peritubular capillaries empty into ______ _____ veins, and filtered blood returns to circulation. This makes peritubular capillaries ______ ______ capillaries.
cortical radiate; lower pressure
73
Found only on juxtamedullary nephrons, run parallel to long nephron loop.
Vasa recta
74
Function of the vasa recta
Helps form concentrated urine as water is reabsorbed into the blood supply.
75
Portion of the nephron where a portion of the ascending limb lies against the afferent and efferent arterioles
Juxtaglomerular complex
76
Function of the Juxtaglomerular complex
Regulates blood pressure and filtration rate of the glomerulus
77
3 cellular modifications at the point of contact of the JGC
1. Macula densa 2. Granular cells (Juxtaglomerular cells) 3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells
78
Chemoreceptor cells at the JGC, monitor NaCl content of filtrate entering DCT, makes adjustments to rate of filtration there
Macula densa
79
How does the rate of filtrate formation affect NaCl concentration in the DCT? What happens to the afferent arteriole to "fix" this problem?
1. Higher rate filtrate formation means higher levels of NaCl in the filtrate as it is not being reabsorbed as well. 2. Vasoconstriction occurs to decrease blood flow to the glomerulus.
80
Specialized smooth muscle cells in the JGC
Granular cells (Juxtaglomerular cells)
81
Granular cells are found in the walls of ____ ______; sensitive to ______ and respond by ________. Also stimulated by _____ _____ cells.
afferent arteriole; stretch; constricting; macula densa
82
Granular cells contain granules that secrete _____.
renin
83
Renin mostly affects the ______ arteriole by causing it to _______.
efferent; constrict
84
Low NaCl concentration = _______ renin release. Low pressure in arteriole= _______ renin release.
increased; increased
85
Packed between tubule and arterioles as a part of the JGC.
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
86
Function of extraglomerular mesangial cells
???? possibly because the macula densa cells need a medium to transfer signals- otherwise unknown
87
Another term for urine production
Diuresis

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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