Ch 26 Reproductive System

Question 1

What is Meiosis?

Answer 1

2 successive cell divisions that result in haploid cells

Question 2

What is Haploid?

Answer 2

Half the normal chromosomes

Question 3

What are the 5 phases of First Meiotic Division?

Answer 3

Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, then Telophase I.

Question 4

What is Interphase?

Answer 4

Period when the cell is carrying on normal metabolic functions and the DNA duplicates

Question 5

What is Prophase I?

Answer 5

Deplicated DNA condenses and the coil tightens, nucleolus disappears, centrioles form the mitotic spindles

Question 6

What is Metaphase I?

Answer 6

Lining up of chromosomes along the middle of the spindle.

Question 7

What is Anaphase I?

Answer 7

Separation of the duplicated chromosomes and migration to opposite ends of the cell

Question 8

What is Telophase I?

Answer 8

Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear memebrane reforms in each end of the cell and the cell begins to divide.

Question 9

What is Second Meiotic Division?

Answer 9

Both daughter cells undergo Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II>

Question 10

What is Prophase II?

Answer 10

Chromosomes condense and coil.

Question 11

What is Metaphase II?

Answer 11

Lining up of chromosomes along the middle of the mitotic spindle

Question 12

What is Anaphase II?

Answer 12

Cetromeres separate freeing chromatids to move to opposite poles of the spindle.

Question 13

What is telophase II?

Answer 13

Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reforms in each end of the cells and the two cells each begin to divide forming 4 cells with half the chromosomes.

Question 14

After Mitosis, the formation of the primary _____ is arested in phrophase I.

Answer 14

Oocyte

Question 15

When is the secondary oocyte arrested?

Answer 15

In metaphase II.

Question 16

If fertization occurs then the secondary oocyte completes what?

Answer 16

Meosis II, with one fertilized ovum, 3 polar bodies that all degenerate

Question 17

When do the oocyte mature?

Answer 17

During puberty

Question 18

What is the total # of chromosomes a person gets from mom and dad?

Answer 18

46

Question 19

Which hormone does the Hypothalamus secreted which in turn act upons?

Answer 19

Gonadotropin

Question 20

Which hormones does the Anterior pituitary secrete that stimulates spermatogensis?

Answer 20

LH and FSH

Question 21

Why is Inhibin secreted by the sustentacular cells?

Answer 21

It inhibits the anterior pituitary from oversecreting FSH.

Question 22

When do the secondary sex hormones start to develop?

Answer 22

During puberty

Question 23

What are Androgens?

Answer 23

Lipid soluable hormones produced by the interstitial cells of the testes and in small amounts in the adrenal cortex.

Question 24

What does the testosterone do?

Answer 24

Functions to develop both primary and secondary male sexual characteristics and is controlled by age

Question 25

Which female sex hormones are used for the primary and secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 25

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 26

Granulosa cells of the follicle produce and secrete estrogen and two things happen what are they?

Answer 26

a. Maintain secondary sex trains. and b. cause the endometrium to thicken

Question 27

The anterior pituitary gland releases a surge of LH which stimulates what?

Answer 27

ovulation

Question 28

During the reproductive cycle the follicular cells become what?

Answer 28

corpus luteum cells that secrete estrogen and progesterone

Question 29

During the reproductive cyle the estrogen continue to stimulate what?

Answer 29

uterine wall development

Question 30

During the reproductive cycle progesterone stimulates the endometrium to become more what?

Answer 30

glandular and vascular

Question 31

During the reproductive cycle if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized what happens?

Answer 31

The corpus luteum degenerates and no longer secretes estrogen and progesterone

Question 32

During the reproductive cycle after the corpus luteum degenerates what starts to happen/

Answer 32

blood vessels in the endometrium constrict as concentrations of luteal hormones decline

Question 33

When the uterine lining disintegrates and sloughs off what is the layer called?

Answer 33

Deciduous layer

Question 34

When the deciduous layer sloughs off what does that cause?

Answer 34

menesis

Question 35

Which hormone is secreted so that ovuation stops and so the cycle also stops?

Answer 35

Inhibin

Question 36

What is Implantation?

Answer 36

When the hollow ball of reproducing cells nestles into the uterine lining occurring one to seven days after fertilization of the ovum.

Question 37

Following implantation cells of the trophoblast beging to secrete what?

Answer 37

hCG

Question 38

Why is it important for the hCG levels to progess during early pregnancy?

Answer 38

So the corpus luteum is maintained and so it continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen so the body doesn't reject the blastocyst

Question 39

As the placenta develops what does it secrete?

Answer 39

progesterone and estrogen

Question 40

What does the estrogen and progesterone secreted from the placenta help do?

Answer 40

``` stimulate the uterine lining to continue to develop maintain the uterine lining inhibit secretion of FSH and LH Stimulate development of mammary glands inhibits uterine contractions enlarges the reproductive organs ```

Question 41

Relaxin from the corpus luteum also inhibits uterine contractions and relaxes the____

Answer 41

pelvic ligaments

Question 42

Placenta secretes placental lactogen that stimulates what?

Answer 42

breast development

Question 43

This from the adrenal cortex promotes reabsorption of sodium leading to fluid retention.

Answer 43

Aldosterone

Question 44

Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands help maintain what?

Answer 44

high concentration of maternal blood calcium

Question 45

Chromosome charts are called what?

Answer 45

karyotypes

Question 46

Chromosomes 1-22 are numbered in decreasing size order are called what?

Answer 46

autosomes

Question 47

Heterogameic is what?

Answer 47

male because the chromosomes are different

Question 48

homogemetic is what?

Answer 48

female because the chromosomes are same

Question 49

In normal development in which does the androgen produced? males or females?

Answer 49

Males and not in females

Question 50

In normal development in which does wolffian ducts regress?

Answer 50

females. because in males they develop

Question 51

In normal development in which is MIS produced?

Answer 51

males. because in females no MIS is produced

Question 52

In normal development which is Mullerian ducts developed/

Answer 52

females. and in males no mullerian ducts develop

Question 53

What is in the tip of sperm?

Answer 53

Acrozome

Question 54

What is in the body of sperm?

Answer 54

Mitochondria

Question 55

What does the seminal vesicle produce for the sperm?

Answer 55

Lunch sack

Question 56

What is in the lunch sack for sperm?

Answer 56

Fructose, vit c, and prostaglandins

Question 57

What does the prostate gland have?

Answer 57

Buffers, citric acid, and enzymes

Question 58

Do the production of sex steroids differ in males and females?

Answer 58

Yes

Question 59

Are speem in the lumen motile or non motile?

Answer 59

Non motile

Question 60

Sperm are pushed away from the lumen and outward into the what?

Answer 60

Epidermis

Question 61

In the epididymis they mature and become more what?

Answer 61

Motile

Question 62

What percent of semen is sperm?

Answer 62

1% sperm 99% other

Question 63

What are the cells that form the wall of the blastocyst?

Answer 63

Trophoblast