Ch. 27

Question 1

The process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface…

Answer 1

Weathering

Question 2

A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life.

Answer 2

Soil

Question 3

The removal of surface material through the process of weathering…

Answer 3

Erosion

Question 4

As rock weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials form one place to another is…

Answer 4

Sediment Transportation

Question 5

When the erosional agent slows down or melts it drops this sediment load in a process called…

Answer 5

Deposition

Question 6

The land area that gathers water for major river is called…

Answer 6

Drained Basin

Question 7

The movement of water parallel to shoreline is…

Answer 7

Longshore Current

Question 8

Weathering Definition

Answer 8

the process of physical or chemical breakdown of materials at or near Earth’s surface

Question 9

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

Answer 10

Rock type and landscape

Question 11

What are the two types of weathering?

Answer 11

Mechanical and Chemical

Question 12

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

Answer 12

Physical Changes

Question 13

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

Answer 13

Chemical Changes

Question 14

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

Answer 14

frost wedging, biochemical activity, and collisions

Question 15

What causes frost wedging?

Answer 15

When water collects in the cracks of rock then freezes

Question 16

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

Answer 16

Freeze Thaw cycle

Question 17

What causes biological activity?

Answer 17

plant and animal activity

Question 18

What causes weathering during collisions?

Answer 18

when rocks fall from cliffs or in rivers

Question 19

What are the two types of chemical weathering caused by?

Answer 19

Oxygen and Water

Question 20

What is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

Answer 20

Oxidation

Question 21

What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

Answer 21

hydrolysis

Question 22

What is parent materials?

Answer 22

material from which soil forms

Question 23

What are soil horizons?

Answer 23

different layers of soil

Question 24

How many soil horizons are there?

Answer 24

six

Question 25

True or False, all soils contain every soil horizons?

Answer 25

False

Question 26

What are the specific soil horizon?

Answer 26

O, A, E, B, C, and R

Question 27

What does the first soil horizon contain?

Answer 27

organic material

Question 28

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

Answer 28

mostly minerals

Question 29

Which layer does leaching occur?

Answer 29

the third

Question 30

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

Answer 30

Forth or B

Question 31

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

Answer 31

C or 5th

Question 32

Which layer is unweathered bedrock?

Answer 32

R or 6th

Question 33

Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?

Answer 33

O & A

Question 34

Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

Answer 34

E & B

Question 35

Which soil horizons make up the true soil?

Answer 35

O A E B

Question 36

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

Answer 36

Weathering- breakdown of materials | Erosion- removal of surface materials

Question 37

If a slope of a river decreases what will happen to the river speed?

Answer 37

It decreases

Question 38

Small streams that flow into larger rivers are called __

Answer 38

Tributaries

Question 39

Land area that gathers water for a major river is called a __

Answer 39

Drainage Basin

Question 40

A boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called a __

Answer 40

Drainage Divide

Question 41

As water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth's surface creating __

Answer 41

Channels

Question 42

Young rivers are __ due to the fast movement

Answer 42

V-shaped

Question 43

__ rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes

Answer 43

Mature

Question 44

What type of landform is created when rivers flood and drop their sediment load?

Answer 44

Flood Plains

Question 45

What is a fan shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of a river?

Answer 45

Deltas

Question 46

What are distributaries?

Answer 46

branching channels created by deltas

Question 47

What is formed when the mouth of a stream enters dry land?

Answer 47

Alluvial Fans

Question 48

What are the two types of glaciers?

Answer 48

Valley and Continental

Question 49

Where do valley glaciers form?

Answer 49

High mountainous regions

Question 50

Where do continental glaciers form?

Answer 50

Cold climates that occupy large land areas

Question 51

Where are the two continental glaciers located?

Answer 51

Greenland and Antarctica

Question 52

What is a cirque?

Answer 52

bowl shaped basins

Question 53

What is an arete?

Answer 53

Long sharp ridgelines between valley glaciers

Question 54

What is a horn in a mountainous region?

Answer 54

sharpened peaks

Question 55

What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?

Answer 55

U shaped valleys

Question 56

What are the tributary glaciers?

Answer 56

Small glaciers that feed into larger glaciers

Question 57

What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?

Answer 57

Hanging valleys

Question 58

On which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?

Answer 58

Windward side

Question 59

On which side of a sand dune does deposition occur?

Answer 59

Leeward side

Question 60

What is deflation?

Answer 60

Removal of small particles from wind

Question 61

What is desert pavement?

Answer 61

When all the small particles are removed

Question 62

The shaped and sizes of landforms depends on?

Answer 62

wind speed, amount of time the wind blows, and sediment supply

Question 63

What are 3 landforms created by wave erosion?

Answer 63

Coastal cliffs, sea arches, and sea stacks

Question 64

What are two examples of wave deposition

Answer 64

Sand bars and sand spits

Question 65

What are sand bars?

Answer 65

Landforms parallel to the shoreline

Question 66

What are sand spit?

Answer 66

A sand bar that curves back to the land

Question 67

What are some things that can cause mass wasting?

Answer 67

Snow, heavy rain, earthquakes, or human activity

Question 68

What are some examples of mass wasting?

Answer 68

Rock slides, mudflows, and landslides

Question 69

The process by which water enters Earth's surface and becomes groundwater below the surface

Answer 69

Infiltration

Question 70

The upper boundary of the saturated zone is

Answer 70

water table

Question 71

A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

Answer 71

aquifer

Question 72

A material that is the percentage of the material's total volume that is pore space

Answer 72

Porosity

Question 73

The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, object, or event

Answer 73

Absolute Dating

Question 74

The process of placing object or events in their proper order of time

Answer 74

Relative dating

Question 75

This states that the law of nature operates today as they have in the pass

Answer 75

uniformitarianism

Question 76

This states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rock will be at the top and the oldest will be at the bottom

Answer 76

principle of superposition

Question 77

Gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occured or deposition was absent

Answer 77

Unconformities

Question 78

The remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record

Answer 78

Fossils