Ch. 27

Question 1

How did the eukaryotic cell arise?

Answer 1

1. Obtained a flexible cell surface
2. Origin of cytoskeleton
3. Origin of a nuclear envelope
4. Origin of digestive vacuoles
5. Acquisition of some organelles by endosymbiosis

Question 2

What kind of bacterium was ‘engulfed’ to become mitochondria?

Answer 2

Alpha-proteobacteria

Question 3

How were chloroplasts formed?

Answer 3

Ancestral eukaryote phagocytosed photosynthetic cyanobacteria

Question 4

Primary endosymbiosis gave rise to the chloroplasts of:

Answer 4

• Chlorophytes & charophytes
• Land plants
• Red algae
• Glaucophytes

Question 5

Eukaryotes that are neither plants, animals, or fungi are called:

Answer 5

Protists

Question 6

Protists

Answer 6

Most are unicellular & microscopic, but some are large

Question 7

Amoebid motion

Answer 7

Cells form pseudopodia that are extentions of the cell. Helps push cytoplasm forward

Question 8

Difference b/w cilia & flagella

Answer 8

Cilia: short, beat in a coordinated fashion
Flagella: longer, whip-like movement

Question 9

Binary fission

Answer 9

equal splitting; mitosis followed by cytokinesis

Question 10

Multiple fission

Answer 10

Splitting into more than two cells

Question 11

Budding

Answer 11

Outgrowth of a new cell from an old cell

Question 12

Spore formation

Answer 12

Specialized cells that are capable of growth

Question 13

Syngamy

Answer 13

Fusing haploid genomes fr two individuals

Question 14

Conjugation

Answer 14

Start with two cells, end with two cells, but each have different genotypes now as a result of exchanging genetic material

Question 15

Alternation of generations

Answer 15

A multicellular diploid spore-forming organism gives rise to a haploid gamete-forming organism

Question 16

Heteromorphic

Answer 16

Morphologically different from each other

Question 17

Isomorphic

Answer 17

Morphologically similar to each other

Question 18

Isogamous

Answer 18

Gametes are the same morphologically

Question 19

Anisogamous

Answer 19

Female & male gametes are different morphologically

Question 20

Haplontic life cycle

Answer 20

A multicellular haploid individual produces gametes that fuse to form a zygote

Question 21

Diplontic life cycle

Answer 21

Meiosis of diploid sporophyte produces haploid gametes

Question 22

5 major clades of protists

Answer 22

1. Chromalveolates
2. Plantae
3. Excavates
4. Rhizaria
5. Unikonts

Question 23

What is the synapomorphy of the plantae clade?

Answer 23

Acquired chloroplasts by primary endosymbiosis. Use chlorophyll as their main photosynthetic pigment

Question 24

Phylum of plantae

Answer 24

Glaucophytes
Red algae
Chlorophytes
Land plants
Charophytes

Question 25

Synapomorphy of chromalveolates

Answer 25

Have cell walls that contain cellulose

Question 26

Phylum of chromalveolates

Answer 26

``` Apicomplexans Dinoflagellates Ciliates Brown algae Diatoms Oomycytes Haptophytes ```

Question 27

3 groups of alveolates & their synapomorphies

Answer 27

Apicomplexans Dinoflagellates Ciliates Synapomorphy: Alveoli sacs beneath surface of plasma membrane

Question 28

3 groups of stramenopiles & their synampomorphy

Answer 28

Brown algae Diatoms Oomycytes Synapomorphy: Two unequal flagella, one with hairs

Question 29

Phylum of rhizaria

Answer 29

Cercozoans Foraminiferams Radiolarians Synapomorphy: Have long, very thin pseudopodia

Question 30

Phylum of unikonts

Answer 30

``` Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Loboseams Plasmodial slime molds Cellular slime molds ```

Question 31

Groups of opisthokonts

Answer 31

Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Synapomorphy: Single flagellum is posterier

Question 32

Groups of amoebozoans

Answer 32

Loboseams Plasmodial slime molds Cellular slime molds Synapomorphy: lobe shaped pseudopods