Ch. 27 (reproductive) SG

Question 1

Overall function

Answer 1

production, storage, nourishment, and transport of reproductive cells (gametes); also produces sex hormones

Question 2

Primary sex organs

Answer 2

testes, ovary,

Question 3

Secondary sex organs

Answer 3

ducts, glands and the penis; uterus glands, vagina, and uterus

Question 4

Sperm

Answer 4

contains genetic material and produced by the testes; then the sperm travels thru the epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra, while the accessory glands include the seminal, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands

Question 5

Spermatic cord

Answer 5

ductus deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform, plexus of testicular vein, and inguinal canals

Question 6

Inguinal hernia

Answer 6

more common in males because the inguinal canals are bigger and the persistence of the spermatic cord creates weak points in the abdominal wall

Question 7

Layers of the testicles

Answer 7

integument area, dartos muscle, superficial scrotal fascia, parietal laer of tunica vaginalis, visveral layer of tunica vaginalis, cremasteric facscia

Question 8

Dartos muscle

Answer 8

dermis layer of scrotum, causes wrinkling of the scrotal surface and assists in elevation of the testes

Question 9

Cremaster muscle

Answer 9

layer of skeletal muscle that lies deep in dermis; tenses the scrotum thru contraction and pulls the testes closer to the body;

Question 10

gubernaculum testis

Answer 10

cord of connective tissue and muscle fibers that extend from the inferior part of each testis; it doesn’t elongate so the testis stay in position; important for the descent of the testis

Question 11

spermatogensis

Answer 11

the production of sperm cells; begins at outer layer of seminiferous tubules; directly stimulated by testosterone

Question 12

seritoli cells

Answer 12

nurse cells where spermatid are embedded; help maintain the transfer of blood for the testis, support both spermio and spermato genesis; and also secrete inhbin and androgen binding protein

Question 13

leydig cells

Answer 13

aka interstitial cells; produce male sex hormones called androgens; the most important androgen is testosterone

Question 14

Sperm anatomy

Answer 14

aka a spermatozoon; contains a nucleus, acrosomal cap on top of nucleus, tail, head, and centrioles

Question 15

Glands in male reproductive system

Answer 15

seminal, prostate, and bulbo-urethral

Question 16

Seminal glands

Answer 16

located between bladder and rectum; active secretory glands, contribute 60% of the volume of semen

Question 17

prostate glands

Answer 17

encircles the prostatic urethra as it leaves the bladder; produces prostatic fluid which contributes 20-30% of the semen volume; also secretes seminalplasmin which prevents urinary tract infections

Question 18

bulbo-urethral glands

Answer 18

located at the base of the penis; secrete a thick alkaline mucus which helps neutralize urinary acids that remain in urethra and lubricates tip of penis

Question 19

Penis anatomy

Answer 19

tubular organ that contains distal portion of the urethra; has a root, body, and glans (tip); prepuce is the foreskin

Question 20

Erection and ejaculation

Answer 20

erection occurs when the muscles relax, vessels, dilate, blood flow increases, and vascular channels become engorged with blood; ejaculation is powerful rhythmic contractions begin in the ischiocavernosus and bulbosponginosus muscles; emission is what mixes semen into the male reproductive tract; contractions are controlled by reflexes in lumbar and sacral segments of spinal cord

Question 21

Ovaries

Answer 21

located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity; produce ova and secrete other hormones; supported by the ovarian and suspensory ligament

Question 22

ovarian cycle

Answer 22

the monthly occurance of oogenesis is the ovarian cycle; FSH triggers ovarian cycle and steps are formation of primary ovarian follicles, then the secondary ovarian follices followed by the tertiary ovarian follice, then there is ovulation and then the formation of corpus lutem then the corpus albicans

Question 23

oogenesis

Answer 23

production of female gametes; begins before birth and ends at menopause

Question 24

uterine tubes

Answer 24

divided into four parts: infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and uterine part

Question 25

uterus

Answer 25

provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus; supported by broad ligament, uterosacral, round and cardinal ligaments

Question 26

vagina

Answer 26

elastic muscular tube extending from the cervix of the uterus to the vestibule; cervix is on the bottom, also has the vaginal canal and the fornix

Question 27

Cervix

Answer 27

inferior portion of the uterus that extends from the isthmus to the vagina

Question 28

External and internal os

Answer 28

external os is formed by the distal end of the cervix and is the external opening; it leads to the cervical canal

Question 29

Hormone regulation of the Female reproductive system

Answer 29

there are 3 phases of the menstrual or uterine cycle (menses, proliferative phase, and the secretory phase); in menses there is destruction of the endometrium, in the proliferative phase there is repair and regeneration of this layer (this marks the end of the follicular phase as well-consists mainly of estrogen production); the secretory phase marks secretion of the uterine glands and the beginning of the luteal phase (progestorone is main hormone in this phase)