Ch. 27 Reproductive System Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are male gametes called?
A) Ova.
B) Sperm.
C) Testes.
D) Testosterone.
B) Sperm.
Explanation:
Male gametes are called sperm, specialized for fertilizing female gametes (ova).
Incorrect answers:
A) Ova – Ova are female gametes, not male.
C) Testes – Testes are the organs that produce sperm, not gametes themselves.
D) Testosterone – Testosterone is a hormone, not a gamete.
Leydig cells (BLANK).
A) Secrete testosterone.
B) Activate the sperm flagellum.
C) Support spermatogenesis.
D) Secrete seminal fluid.
A) Secrete testosterone.
Leydig cells in the testes secrete testosterone, essential for male reproductive functions.
Incorrect answers:
B) Activate the sperm flagellum – Sperm motility is activated during later maturation, not by Leydig cells.
C) Support spermatogenesis – Sertoli cells, not Leydig cells, support spermatogenesis.
D) Secrete seminal fluid – Seminal fluid is secreted by glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate, not by Leydig cells.
Which hypothalamic hormone contributes to the regulation of the male reproductive system?
A) Luteinizing hormone.
B) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
C) Follicle-stimulating hormone.
D) Androgens.
B) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
.
Explanation:
GnRH is produced by the hypothalamus to regulate the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary.
Incorrect answers:
A) Luteinizing hormone – LH is secreted by the anterior pituitary, not the hypothalamus.
C) Follicle-stimulating hormone – FSH also comes from the anterior pituitary, not directly from the hypothalamus.
D) Androgens – Androgens are hormones produced by the testes, not the hypothalamus.
What is the function of the epididymis?
A) Sperm maturation and storage.
B) Produces the bulk of seminal fluid.
C) Provides nitric oxide needed for erections.
D) Spermatogenesis.
A) Sperm maturation and storage.
Explanation:
The epididymis is responsible for sperm maturation and serves as a storage site.
Incorrect answers:
B) Produces the bulk of seminal fluid – Most seminal fluid is produced by the seminal vesicles and prostate.
C) Provides nitric oxide needed for erections – Nitric oxide is involved in erection physiology but not a function of the epididymis.
D) Spermatogenesis – Spermatogenesis happens in the seminiferous tubules, not in the epididymis.
Spermatogenesis takes place in the (BLANK).
A) Prostate gland.
B) Glans penis.
C) Seminiferous tubules.
D) Ejaculatory duct.
C) Seminiferous tubules.
Explanation:
Spermatogenesis, or sperm production, occurs inside the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
Incorrect answers:
A) Prostate gland – The prostate contributes to seminal fluid but is unrelated to sperm production.
B) Glans penis – The glans is the sensitive tip of the penis, not involved in spermatogenesis.
D) Ejaculatory duct – The ejaculatory duct is involved in semen transport, not sperm production.
Spermatogenesis begins with mitotic division of spermatogonia (stem cells) to produce primary spermatocytes that undergo Meiosis I to create (BLANK) secondary spermatocytes.
A) 3.
B) 4.
C) 1.
D) 2.
D) 2
.
Explanation:
Each primary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis I to form two secondary spermatocytes.
The (BLANK) glands are glands that secrete a lubricating mucus that cleans and lubricates the urethra prior to and during ejaculation.
A) Urinary.
B) Corpus.
C) Bulbourethral.
D) Ductus.
C) Bulbourethral.
Explanation:
The bulbourethral glands (also known as Cowper’s glands) secrete a lubricating mucus that cleans and lubricates the urethra before and during ejaculation.
Incorrect answers:
A) Urinary – ‘Urinary glands’ is not a correct anatomical term; glands related to urination (like the bladder) don’t serve this lubricating function.
B) Corpus – ‘Corpus’ refers to body structures (like corpus cavernosum in the penis), not glands that secrete mucus.
D) Ductus – ‘Ductus’ refers to tubes or ducts (such as the ductus deferens), not mucus-secreting glands.
What is a gamete?
A) A diploid somatic cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring.
B) A haploid somatic cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring.
C) A diploid reproductive cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring.
D) A haploid reproductive cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring.
D) A haploid reproductive cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring.
Explanation:
Gametes (sperm and oocytes) are haploid cells, meaning they have half the number of chromosomes, and they fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
Incorrect answers:
A) A diploid somatic cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring – Somatic cells are body cells, not gametes, and they are diploid.
B) A haploid somatic cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring – Somatic cells are never gametes, even if haploid.
C) A diploid reproductive cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring – Gametes must be haploid to ensure the correct chromosome number after fertilization, not diploid.
What are the female gonads called?
A) Oocytes.
B) Ova.
C) Oviducts.
D) Ovaries.
D) Ovaries.
Explanation:
The ovaries are the female gonads responsible for producing oocytes and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
Incorrect answers:
A) Oocytes – Oocytes are the female gametes, not the gonads.
B) Ova – Ova are mature oocytes ready for fertilization, not the gonads themselves.
C) Oviducts – Oviducts (fallopian tubes) transport eggs but are not gonads.
When do the oogonia undergo mitosis?
A) Before birth.
B) At puberty.
C) At the beginning of each menstrual cycle.
D) During fertilization.
A) Before birth.
Explanation:
Oogonia complete mitosis during fetal development before birth.
Incorrect answers:
B) At puberty – At puberty, the oocytes resume meiosis, not mitosis.
C) At the beginning of each menstrual cycle – Oocytes mature during the menstrual cycle, but no new oogonia undergo mitosis.
D) During fertilization – Fertilization involves a mature oocyte and sperm, not oogonial mitosis.
From what structure does the corpus luteum originate?
A) Uterine corpus
B) Dominant follicle.
C) Fallopian tube.
D) Corpus albicans.
B) Dominant follicle.
Explanation:
After ovulation, the dominant follicle transforms into the corpus luteum to secrete hormones.
Incorrect answers:
A) Uterine corpus – The uterine corpus is part of the uterus, not related to corpus luteum formation.
C) Fallopian tube – The fallopian tube is where fertilization occurs, unrelated to corpus luteum development.
D) Corpus albicans – The corpus albicans forms after the corpus luteum degenerates, not before.
Where does fertilization of the egg by the sperm typically occur?
A) Vagina.
B) Uterus.
C) Uterine tube.
D) Ovary.
C) Uterine tube.
Explanation:
Fertilization usually occurs in the uterine (fallopian) tube, specifically the ampulla region.
Incorrect answers:
A) Vagina – The vagina is where sperm are deposited, not where fertilization happens.
B) Uterus – The fertilized egg implants in the uterus, but fertilization happens earlier in the uterine tube.
D) Ovary – The ovary releases the oocyte but is not the site of fertilization.
Why do estrogen levels fall after menopause?
A) The ovaries degrade.
B) There are no follicles left to produce estrogen.
C) The pituitary secretes a menopause-specific hormone.
D) The cells of the endometrium degenerate.
B) There are no follicles left to produce estrogen.
Explanation:
After menopause, the depletion of follicles leads to decreased estrogen production.
Incorrect answers:
A) The ovaries degrade – While ovarian function declines, it is the loss of follicles, not structural degradation, that primarily causes decreased estrogen.
C) The pituitary secretes a menopause-specific hormone – No special menopause-specific pituitary hormone exists.
D) The cells of the endometrium degenerate – Endometrial thinning happens due to low estrogen, not the cause of it.
The vulva includes the (BLANK).
A) Lactiferous duct, rugae, and hymen.
B) Lactiferous duct, endometrium, and bulbourethral glands.
C) Mons pubis, endometrium, and hymen.
D) Mons pubis, labia majora, and Bartholin’s glands.
D) Mons pubis, labia majora, and Bartholin’s glands.
Explanation:
These external structures collectively form the vulva.
Incorrect answers:
A) Lactiferous duct, rugae, and hymen – Lactiferous ducts are part of the breasts, not the vulva.
B) Lactiferous duct, endometrium, and bulbourethral glands – Endometrium is inside the uterus, and bulbourethral glands are male structures.
C) Mons pubis, endometrium, and hymen – Endometrium is not part of the vulva; it lines the uterus.
The (BLANK) is a fluid-filled chamber that characterizes a mature tertiary follicle.
A) Ductus.
B) Cervix.
C) Atrium.
D) Antrum.
D) Antrum.
Explanation:
The antrum is the large fluid-filled cavity that develops in a mature (tertiary) ovarian follicle, surrounding the oocyte.
Incorrect answers:
A) Ductus – ‘Ductus’ usually refers to a duct or tube (like the ductus deferens in males), not a fluid-filled chamber in a follicle.
B) Cervix – The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, not part of the follicle structure.
C) Atrium – ‘Atrium’ typically refers to heart chambers; it is not related to ovarian follicles.
The (BLANK) are fingerlike projections on the distal uterine tubes.
A) Epididymis.
B) Fimbriae.
C) Follicle.
D) Isthmus.
B) Fimbriae.
Explanation:
Fimbriae are fingerlike projections at the end of the uterine tubes that help guide the oocyte into the tube after ovulation.
Incorrect answers:
A) Epididymis – The epididymis is a male reproductive structure where sperm mature and are stored, not part of the uterine tube.
C) Follicle – A follicle is a structure in the ovary that nurtures the developing oocyte, not part of the uterine tube.
D) Isthmus – The isthmus is the narrow portion of the uterine tube, not the fingerlike projections.
Which of the following statements about female external genitalia is accurate?
A) The labia minora encircle the clitoris.
B) The hymen completely covers the vaginal opening in virgins.
C) The clitoris is derived from different embryonic tissue than the glans penis.
D) The Bartholin’s glands are located within the urethra.
A) The labia minora encircle the clitoris.
Explanation:
The labia minora surround and protect the clitoris and vaginal opening as part of the external genitalia (vulva).
Incorrect answers:
B) The hymen completely covers the vaginal opening in virgins – The hymen partially covers the vaginal opening but does not completely seal it; otherwise, menstrual blood would not be able to exit.
C) The clitoris is derived from different embryonic tissue than the glans penis – The clitoris and glans penis actually develop from the same embryonic tissue.
D) The Bartholin’s glands are located within the urethra – The Bartholin’s glands are located near the vaginal opening, not inside the urethra.
What controls whether an embryo will develop testes or ovaries?
A) Pituitary gland.
B) Hypothalamus.
C) Y chromosome.
D) Presence or absence of estrogen.
C) Y chromosome.
Explanation:
The presence of a Y chromosome triggers development of testes by activating SRY gene expression.
Incorrect answers:
A) Pituitary gland – The pituitary helps regulate hormones after birth, but sex determination happens earlier based on genetics.
B) Hypothalamus – The hypothalamus controls hormonal release later, not initial sexual development.
D) Presence or absence of estrogen – Sex differentiation depends on genetic factors first, not estrogen levels.
Without SRY expression, an embryo will develop (BLANK).
A) Male reproductive structures.
B) Female reproductive structures.
C) No reproductive structures.
D) Male reproductive structures 50 percent of the time and female reproductive structures 50 percent of the time.
B) Female reproductive structures.
Explanation:
In the absence of SRY gene expression, the default pathway leads to female development.
Incorrect answers:
A) Male reproductive structures – Male structures develop only if SRY is expressed.
C) No reproductive structures – The embryo will develop reproductive structures (female by default), not none.
D) Male reproductive structures 50 percent of the time and female reproductive structures 50 percent of the time – It is not random; absence of SRY consistently leads to female development.
The timing of puberty can be influenced by which of the following?
A) Genes.
B) Stress.
C) Amount of body fat.
D) All of the above.
D) All of the above.
Explanation:
Genetics, stress, and body fat all contribute to the onset and timing of puberty.
Incorrect answers:\
A) Genes – Genes influence puberty timing, but are not the sole factor.
B) Stress – Stress can delay or accelerate puberty, but alone it doesn’t fully explain it.
C) Amount of body fat – Body fat impacts puberty onset (especially in girls), but again is not the only factor.
Sex cells are also known as gametes.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Explanation:
Sex cells — sperm in males and eggs in females — are called gametes.
Sperm production proceeds more efficiently when the testes are kept (BLANK) below core body temperature.
A) 1 to 3°C
B) 2 to 4°C
C) 3 to 5°C
D) 4 to 6°C
B) 2 to 4°C
Explanation: Sperm production is most efficient when the testes are maintained 2 to 4°C below core body temperature, which is why they are located outside the body in the scrotum.
Incorrect:
A) 1 to 3°C – Slightly lower than optimal; not the commonly accepted range.
The interior of the seminiferous tubules contain (BLANK) different cell types.
A) 7
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
D) 6
Explanation: The seminiferous tubules contain 6 different cell types involved in spermatogenesis:
1. Spermatogonia
2. Primary spermatocytes
3. Secondary spermatocytes
4. Spermatids
5. Spermatozoa
6. Sertoli (sustentacular) cells
What is the term used to describe a cap-like vesicle located at the anterior-most region of a sperm that is rich with lysosomal enzymes capable of digesting the protective layers surrounding the oocyte?
A) Acrosome
B) Allantois
C) Blastocoel
D) Conceptus
A) Acrosome
Explanation: The acrosome is a cap-like structure on the head of a sperm that contains lysosomal enzymes to penetrate the oocyte’s protective layers during fertilization.
Incorrect:
B) Allantois – An embryonic membrane involved in waste and gas exchange; not part of sperm.
C) Blastocoel – A fluid-filled cavity in a blastocyst; unrelated to sperm.
D) Conceptus – Refers to the entire product of conception, not a sperm structure.
