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Anat & Phys II > Ch. 27 Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Ch. 27 Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

Which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of water?

A

intracellular compartment

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2
Q

Which of the following fluid compartments contains the smallest volume of water?

A

plasma

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3
Q

Synovial fluid is a part of which of the following fluid compartments?

A

extracellular

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4
Q

Which of the following individuals would have the largest percentage of their bodyweight as water?

A

a 7-month-old female

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5
Q

Which of the following people would be most severely affected by prolonged vomiting?

A

3-year-old-male

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6
Q

Extracellular fluid has a

A

higher sodium content than intracellular fluid

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7
Q

The predominant intracellular cation is

A

potassium

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8
Q

The predominant extracellular cation is

A

sodium

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9
Q

The distribution of sodium and potassium ions between intracellular and extracellular compartments is

A

potassium mainly intracellular; sodium mainly in extracellular.

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10
Q

One difference between the plasma and interstitial fluid is that the plasma has significantly more _____ than interstitial fluid

A

protein

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11
Q

Serum electrolyte concentrations are most often expressed as

A

mEq/L

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12
Q

The predominant extracellular anion is

A

chloride

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13
Q

Where is the highest concentration of bicarbonate ion found?

A

interstitial fluid

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14
Q

Water moves back and forth across the plasma membrane by the process of

A

osmosis

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15
Q

The cation that plays a major role in determining the osmotic pressure of the plasma

A

sodium

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16
Q

The major route of excretion for sodium ions (under normal conditions) is the

A

kidney

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17
Q

When aldosterone is absent, sodium reabsorption in the nephron is

A

greatly decreased

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18
Q

As the rate of sweat production increases, the amount of sodium lost in the urine

A

decreases

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19
Q

Receptors sensitive to changes in the osmolality of extracellular fluid are the

A

osmoreceptors

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20
Q

Renin is released by the

A

kidney

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21
Q

Which of the following events occur last

A

sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubules

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22
Q

The primary regulator of plasma sodium concentration is

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

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23
Q

Which of the following is most likely to happen to a group of students who relax by drinking a pitcher of their favorite beverage?

A

an increase in urine volume

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24
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

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25
A decrease in plasma osmolality would increase
urine production
26
The stimulus for secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone is increased
blood pressure in atria of heart
27
Which of the following is NOT a principle sensor for thirst regulation?
mouth mucosa
28
Loss of water through diffusion and evaporation from the skin is called __________ and is important in ____________ control.
insensible perspiration; heat loss
29
Elevated blood pressure under resting conditions results in increased urinary output because
baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to decrease ADH secretion
30
You've been working outside in the hot sun and are dripping wet with sweat. Your fluid intake has been minimal as you have been too busy to stop and get a drink. You would expect
ADH levels to increase
31
Increased ADH secretion could be stimulated by which of the following situations?
increased blood osmolality
32
Atrial natriuretic hormone increases
urine volume
33
What characteristic of the plasma membrane is responsible for maintaining the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid?
being selectively permeable
34
T/F The composition of extracellular fluid has little effect on intracellular fluid amounts
False
35
Which of the following would be expected to cause hyponatremia?
decreased aldosterone production
36
Oversecretion of aldosterone causes
hypernatremia
37
Chloride ions
are regulated with Na+
38
Decreased extracellular potassium levels cause
hyperpolarization of cell membranes
39
Which of the following statements concerning potassium ions is false?
When aldosterone levels are high, potassium secretion is low.
40
Potassium levels in the body are regulated by
aldosterone
41
Oversecretion of aldosterone causes
increased secretion of potassium by the kidney.
42
Aldosterone secretion may be stimulated by
elevated potassium levels.
43
The most common cause of hyperkalemia is
cellular injury or death.
44
Which of the following will the body begin to do in order to compensate for hyperkalemia?
increase aldosterone secretion
45
Hyperkalemia is defined as
increase in plasma potassium level
46
Which of the
following is correctly matched
47
Most of the calcium in the body is in the
bones
48
In hypocalcemia
neuromuscular excitability increases
49
Calcium balance is influenced by
parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels
50
Calcium's roles in the body include
bone health, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and action potentials in the heart muscle
51
An increase in parathyroid hormone levels results in
increased rate of bone resorption
52
Adequate calcium absorption from the GI tract depends on
adequate amounts of vitamin D
52
Adequate calcium absorption from the GI tract depends on
adequate amounts of vitamin D
53
Parathyroid hormone effects the
intestine, kidneys, and bone
54
What is the main role of magnesium ions in the body?
cofactors for intracellular enzymes
55
The main regulator of serum phosphate levels is a transport process in the
kidneys
56
A major complication of thyroid surgery is the accidental damaging or removal of the parathyroid glands. This damage or removal of the parathyroid glands can result in
decreased plasma calcium
57
Calcitonin
reduces extracellular calcium ion levels
58
Increased osmolality of the ECF
increases thirst
59
The sensation of thirst results from
stimulation of osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus
60
Angiotensin II increases blood volume by stimulating
thirst
61
Under normal conditions, most water loss from the body is through the
kidneys
62
Which of the following is an example of wayer conservation by the body
decreased urine volume
63
Sensible perspiration
is secreted by the sweat glands
64
Loss of a large volume of sweat will
increase the osmolality of body fluids
65
In which of the following situations does one see large volumes of dilute urine produced?
ADH levels decrease
66
A person working in the hot sun loses the greatest amount of water from the
skin
67
pH
is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration
68
Which of the following substances releases hydrogen ions into a solution?
acids
69
Chemicals that function to minimize changes in the pH of body fluids are called
buffers
70
If the hydrogen ion concentration in the blood increases, bicarbonate ions act as buffers by
removing excess hydrogen ions from the plasma
71
Which of the following is NOT a buffer system of the body
NaCl buffer system
72
Body fluid pH will rise dramatically when
large amounts of bicarbonate are ingested
73
As a result of hyperventilation,
the plasma PCO2 level decreases
74
An increase in blood CO2 levels is followed by a(n) ____ in H+ ions and a(n) ____ in blood pH.
increase, decrease
75
Which of the following terms does not belong with the other three?
pH increases
76
Mr. I.M.A. Wreck's plasma pH is 7.2. Which of the following indicates that the body is attempting to compensate and return the body pH to normal?
an increase in respiration rate
77
In renal compensation of acidosis,
H+ secretion increases; bicarbonate reabsorption increases.
78
Which of the following can play a role in buffering the pH of urine?
ammonia, bicarbonate ions and phosphate ions
79
The normal pH for blood plasma is
7.35 - 7.45
80
Once alkalosis has occurred, which of the following would you expect to happen?
retention of hydrogen ions by the kidney
81
Hyposecretion of aldosterone would lead to
decreased secretion of hydrogen ions
82
When normal buffer mechanisms are overwhelmed by excessive numbers of hydrogen ions, which of the following will result?
acidosis
83
A falling blood pH and a rising concentration of carbon dioxide due to emphysema, indicate
respiratory acidosis.
84
Ingesting large amounts of sodium bicarbonate can lead to
metabolic alkalosis
85
Respiratory alkalosis can occur as a result of
hyperventilation
86
Prolonged vomiting of stomach contents will result in
metabolic alkalosis
87
Which of the following regulatory mechanisms would be stimulated as a result of the increased osmolality that results from a Na+ level of 152 mEq/L?
an increased release of ADH
88
The increase in extracellular osmolality would cause
water to move out of the cells
89
The K+ level of 2.8 mEq/L indicates hypokalemia. Low plasma K+ levels will cause
muscle weakness
90
Bob Trotts has an enteropathogenic E. coli infection resulting in severe diarrhea for 2 days. This could produce which of the following: (1) acidosis (2) alkalosis (3) increased respiration (4) decreased respiration (5) increased ADH secretion (6) increased renin secretion (7) increased urine concentration
1, 3, 5, 6, 7
91
Azetazolamide (Diamox) is a diuretic. It functions by blocking the activity of carbonic anhydrase inside kidney tubule cells. This slows the formation of carbonic acid. By slowing the formation of hydrogen ions in the cells of the tubule, sodium reabsorption is also slowed. This results in the diuretic effect. Select from the following list the possible side-effects of Azetazolamide. (1) acidosis (2) reduced movement of bicarbonate ion into the plasma (3) an alkaline urine is produced (4) respiration increases
1, 2, 3, 4
92
the percent of body weight that is water in a child
is more than an adult's
93
the amount of body water in the intracellular compartment
is greater than in the extracellular compartment
94
amount of sodium in urine when aldosterone levels are high
is less than when aldosterone levels are low
95
calcium absorption from intestine when vitamin D is present
is more than when Vitamin D is Absent
96
pH of body fluids when carbon dioxide content increases
is less than when carbon dioxide content decreases
97
amount of bicarbonate ions in the urine during compensation for alkalosis
is more than there is during compensation for acidosis

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