Ch 3

Question 1

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 1

Necesary for fuctnion

Question 2

Messenger RNA

Answer 2

sends a message contains the code to make DNA

Question 3

Transfer RNA

Answer 3

carries amino acids, has an anticodon sequence

Question 4

small nuclear RNA

Answer 4

part of the spliceosome (takes out extrons keeps introns). process messenger RNAs

Question 5

Small nucleolar RNA

Answer 5

processes ribosomal RNAs, they’re not ready to go after being transcribed neet to be processed

Question 6

MicroRNA

Answer 6

Used for post transcriptional gene expression control. controlling whether a messenger RNA will be used or not. complimentary base pair to messenger RNA preventing translation of RNA.

Question 7

PIWI-interactions RNAs

Answer 7

prevent transposable elements from jumping along the gene line

Question 8

Long noncoding RNA

Answer 8

RNA that play a role in cellular functions

Question 9

WHat type of RNA is most abundant

Answer 9

rRNA by mass but tRNA are so small so tRNA by number

Question 10

What RNA do we not want to have folded?

Answer 10

mRNA, it’s function is based on what it codes for, not it’s function

Question 11

What do we call it when RNA interacts with proteins

Answer 11

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles

Question 12

List of what RNA can do

Answer 12

Scaffolding for proteins to assemble, RNA interactions can activate proteins to be an enzyme, RNA can self splice and do other ribozyme type things, can directly control gene expression, RNA can be the hereditary material.

Question 13

What is an example of RNA acting as scaffolding for proteins?

Answer 13

Signal recognition particle

Question 14

Example of RNA interacting with proteins

Answer 14

Telomerase and CRISPR-Cas

Question 15

What is a ribozyme?

Answer 15

RNA molecules that catalyze specific biochemical reactions

Question 16

Primary structure of RNA

Answer 16

subunits contain ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base. Subunits joined by phosphodiester bonds.

Question 17

Four most common types of Secondary Structure

Answer 17

folding of RNA chain into a variety of structural motifs. Four most common types of
-Bulges
-basepaired helicies
=single-stranded hairpin or internal loop
-Junctions

Question 18

Does RNA usually for B or A type helicies?

Answer 18

A type helicies. B type is hindered because of the 2’ OH group

Question 19

Do proteins interact with RNA in the major or minor groove?

Answer 19

Minor grove, deep and narrow

Question 20

Are there many or few ways RNA can base pair?

Answer 20

MANY >20 different types of noncanonical (non watson crick) base pairs. Even triples can form

Question 21

BLANK looks like nature’s attmept to make RNA do the job of a protein

Answer 21

tRNA

Question 22

tRNA are what

Answer 22

pretty similar, anticodon loop that pairs with codon of mRNA

Question 23

What is the secondary structure of tRNA

Answer 23

Cloverleaf

Question 24

What is the tertiary structure of tRNA

Answer 24

L-shaped

Question 25

GEneral principles of tRNA structure

Answer 25

modified bases are present, tRNA loops each have separate functions, Coaxial stacking of stems makes it look like it's all together but it's many

Question 26

What was the first modified base nucleoside to be identified in tRNA?

Answer 26

Inosine, sometimes refered to as the fifth base

Question 27

What was the first modified base identified in any RNA

Answer 27

Pseudouridine

Question 28

What are the three loops for tRNA

Answer 28

T-loop (recognized by ribosome), D loop (recognition by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, they are enzyms they add on the amino acids), Anticodon loop (complimentary to the codon. base pairs with the mRNA codon)

Question 29

What happens during coaxial stacking of tRNA

Answer 29

the loops fold onto themselves, T loop and attachment site stack on each other. The D stem and anticodon stem stack on each other.

Question 30

Example of RNA virus

Answer 30

Rhinovirus, Rabies

Question 31

What are Viroids

Answer 31

they are plant pathogens

Question 32

What are Satellite RNAs

Answer 32

Single-stranded RNA genome. THey are found in plants and animals. Example is hepatitis D (can't get it unless u got hep B first). It uses the products from another virus to replicate. They need a helper virus.

Question 33

WHat are virusoids

Answer 33

circular, single-stranded RNA genome. plant pathogen that reauires a helper virus but it has it's own capsid. Almost a subtype of sattelite RNA

Question 34

What's the RNA world hypothesis

Answer 34

rna both carried out the genetic info and catalyzed it's own replication

Question 35

Is RNA versatile?

Answer 35

Yes. It flexible and multiple interactions: other RNA, single DNA, proteins as RNPs

Question 36

What is the primary structure

Answer 36

RNA is a chain like molecule composed of subunits called nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds

Question 37

Secondary structure

Answer 37

biulding blocks of RNA structure are bulges, base paired A-type double helices (stems), single stranded hairpin or internal loops, junctions, and turns. THrough base pairing,

Question 38

What makes RNA more versatile than DNA?

Answer 38

it's single stranded- makes it be able to interact with proetins more easily, ribose sugar- can interact with proteins too, modified bases-allow for many other interactions

Question 38

What RNA do we not want to be in secondary sgtructure?

Answer 38

mRNA

Question 39

what is a gene

Answer 39

specific stretch of nucleotides in DNA that contain information for making a particular RNA molecule. mRNA provides the info to make a particular protein