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Z: Cognitive Systems > Ch 3 - 2 Basic Concepts in CS > Flashcards

Ch 3 - 2 Basic Concepts in CS Flashcards

1
Q

Three systems in Cognition concerning the paradigms in cognitive science

A

Cognitivist Systems
Hybrid Systems
Emergent Systems

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2
Q

Three types of emergent systems

A
  • Enactive approaches
  • connectionist approaches
  • dynamical approaches
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3
Q

Enactivism

A

Enactivism is a position in cognitive science that argues that cognition arises through a dynamic interaction between an acting organism and its environment.

“Organisms do not passively receive information from their environments, which they then translate into internal representations. Natural cognitive systems…participate in the generation of meaning …engaging in transformational and not merely informational interactions: they enact a world.”

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4
Q

What are cognitivist systems?

A

Cognitivist cognitive modelling is based on the hypothesis that cognition is a form of computation. Cognitive functions are modelled as working computer programs. (Chinese room example)

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5
Q

What are emergent systems?

A

In emergent cognitive models, cognition is a continuous self-organizing process that is driven by the interaction between the agent and its environment. (deep NN)

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6
Q

What is the relation between Cognitivism and AI?

A

Cognitivism started as a sister disciple of AI in 1956.
Over time the focus of AI shifted to purely computational techniques.
AI with focus on cognition is today called Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).

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7
Q

What is a central hypothesis of cognitivism?

A

Cognition is achieved by operations on symbols that have a one-to-one correspondence to real-world actions and objects . (like Shaky robot)
External information from the environment is gathered and filtered by perceptual processes.

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8
Q

What is the philosophy of mind?

A

The philosophy of mind challenges Cognitivism. Cognitivism postulates that all cognitive processes can be explained mechanistically through some form of computation.

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9
Q

Questions addressed by the philosophy of mind

A

The philosophy of mind addresses the following questions:

  • What is the basic nature of mental phenomena such as thought, feeling, perception, consciousness and sensory experience?
  • Can these phenomena be described solely by chemical processes or can they exist independently of them?
  • How to explain subjective conscious experience (qualia)?

–> What is the relation between the mind (mental world) and the body (physical world)

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10
Q

What is qualia?

A

Feelings and experiences vary widely. In each of these cases, I am the subject of a mental state with a very distinctive subjective character. There is something it is like for me to undergo each state, some phenomenology that it has. Philosophers often use the term ‘qualia’ (singular ‘quale’) to refer to the introspectively accessible, phenomenal aspects of our mental lives. In this broad sense of the term, it is difficult to deny that there are qualia. Disagreement typically centers on which mental states have qualia, whether qualia are intrinsic qualities of their bearers, and how qualia relate to the physical world both inside and outside the head. The status of qualia is hotly debated in philosophy largely because it is central to a proper understanding of the nature of consciousness. Qualia are at the very heart of the mind-body problem.

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11
Q

What is the mind-body problem?

A

Addresses the question of how the mental world is related to the physical world.

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12
Q

Two schools of thought regarding the mind-body problem

A
  • Substance Dualism

- Monism

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13
Q

What is substance dualism about?

A
  • René Descartes postulated that mind and body are two kinds of different substances; their separation makes the soul immortal and enables free will.
  • He falsely assumed that the pineal gland interfaces the mind with the physical world
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14
Q

What is Monism (also called Physicalism)?

A
  • There is only one substance, which means that mental states are physical states
  • This would imply that individuals that share mental property also share a corresponding physical property; nonreductive physicalism therefore postulates that mental properties are not identical physical ones even though there is one substance.
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15
Q

Definition of Computational Theory of Mind (CTM)

A

CTM is the theoretical basis of cognitivsm

The computational theory of mind holds that the mind is a digital computer: a discrete-state device that stores symbolic representations and manipulates them according to syntactic rules; that thoughts are mental representations - more specifically, symbolic representations in a language of thought. Mental processes are causal sequences driven by the syntactic, but not by the semantic, properties of symbols

Computers are viewed as a proof that purely syntactic operations can express causality in the semantics of cognitive processes. Cognition can therefore be implemented in a purely physical system.

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16
Q

difference between syntact and semantics

A

syntax refers to grammar, while semantics refers to meaning

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17
Q

What is a Physical Symbol System (PSS)?

A

“a physical symbol system [such
as a digital computer, for example] has the necessary and sufficient means for intelligent action.”

Lays the theoretical foundations for the emergence of general intelligence from symbolic operations.

A physical symbol system (also called a formal system) takes physical patterns (symbols), combining them into structures (expressions) and manipulating them (using processes) to produce new expressions.

Two important notions have also been defined:

Designation- An expression designates an object if, given the expression, the system can either affect the object itself or behave in ways depending on the object.

Interpretation-The system can interpret an expression if the expression designates a process and if, given the expression, the system can carry out the process.

Both symbols and processes are defined recursively: symbols can designate symbols and processes can produce other processes (-> Development)

Problem solving is done by searching –> Note: general problem solvers still do not exist

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWg-olHn7UQ&ab_channel=EdisonBarrios

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18
Q

Two hypothesis on Physical Symbols Systems

A
  • Physical Symbol System Hypothesis (PSSH)

- Heuristic Search Hypothesis

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19
Q

Physical Symbol System Hypothesis (PSSH)

A
  • A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action.
  • -> Every cognitive system is a physical symbol system. (we know that this is not always the case. Only under conditions)
20
Q

Heuristic Search Hypothesis

A
  • The solutions to problems are represented as symbol structures. A physical-symbol system exercises its intelligence in problem-solving by search, so generating and progressively modifying symbol structures until it produces a solution structure.

–> Cognition is reflected in an intelligent search strategy that finds a solution without exhaustive brute-force search (Only explains a part of cognition, not completely true)

21
Q

Rationality

A

means that an agent acts in a sensible and purposeful way to achieve its goals. A rational agent will use as much of its knowledge as possible to guide its behavior.

22
Q

Two views of rationality

A

Optimal rationality

Bounded rationality

23
Q

Optimal rationality

A

an ideal agent given its belief-desire system optimizes its choices. –> Not feasible in reality.

In economics and game theory, the participants are sometimes considered to have perfect rationality: that is, they always act in a rational way, and are capable of arbitrarily complex deductions towards that end. That is to say, they will always be capable of thinking through all possible outcomes and choosing the best possible thing to do.

24
Q

Bounded rationality

A

Bounded rationality is rationality as exhibited by decision makers of limited abilities.

25
Q

What does rationality depend on?

A
  • Depends on success criterion
  • agent’s prior knowledge of env.
  • actions the agent can perform
  • past percepts
26
Q

What is an emergent system?

A

The main goal of cognitive processing in an emergent system is to maintain and extend its autonomy. It does so through a process of continual self-organization.

Consequently, the system’s understanding of its world is inherently specific to the form of the system’s embodiment and is dependent on the system’s history of interactions, i.e., its experiences.

27
Q

What is emergence based on?

A

continuous self-organization of the system

28
Q

Does an emergent system develop its own model of reality?

A

Yes, through interaction with the environment and filtering of relevant information.

29
Q

What is a difference between emergent systems and computational functionalism?

A 
In contrast to the computational functionalism of cognitivism, knowledge and
representation are specific to the emerging system and depend on its history
of interaction (→ experience)
30
Q

How is knowledge acquired in emergent systems?

A

Anticipation, and in particular anticipatory skills, are techniques used by individuals to decrease the amount of time that it takes to respond to a stimulus.

31
Q

What do emergent systems require?

A

embodiment and development

32
Q

What is emergence?

A

Emergence is a phenomenon whereby complex properties occur in systems built of units without those properties, that is, where a property exists only of the whole, and not of the parts that make it up.

In the field of cognitive science, this approach is often used by those with a physicalist approach to the mind. The basic idea is that the mind, consciousness and cognition are emergent properties of the complex system that is our brain - or to phrase it differently, all that our mind is, is the result only of the physical object that is our brain, nervous system and body. There is no additional “thing”, physical or metaphysical, that gives us consciousness.

33
Q

What are Connectionist Emergent Systems?

A

models cognition based on networks of simple interconnected computational units. Cognitive processing in these networks is distributed, parallel, and based on statistical properties instead of formal rules.

–> NN are a subcategory of Emergent Systems

34
Q

Main components of Connectionist Emergent Systems

A
  • simple elements called units
  • equations that determine an activation value for each unit at each point in time
  • weighted connections between units which permit the activity of one unit to influence the activity of other units.
35
Q

Where is knowledge stored in Connectionist Emergent Systems?

A

IN the connection weights of the system.

36
Q

Enactive Emergent Systems

A

develops its own understanding of the world around it through its interactions with the environment.
–> feedback between action and perception

37
Q

Which two elements govern enaction?

A

Phylogeny

Ontogeny

38
Q

phylogeny

A

evolution of an agent from generation to generation

39
Q

Ontogeny

A

adaptation and learning of the system during lifetime. Ontogeny is just another word for development.

40
Q

Which system is similar to robotics?

A

Enactive Emergent Systems

41
Q

Dynamical Emergent Systems

A

Dynamical emergent models of cognitive systems are based on time-dependent differential equations that allow for a compact representation of complex system behavior and the application of analysis methods from dynamical systems theory (attractors, bifurcations, stability, etc.).

42
Q

Main properties of dynamical systems

A
  • Dissipation: the number of reachable states reduces over time
  • Non-Equilibrium System: stable function requires an external “energy” supply
  • Non-Linearity: complex behavior can emerge from a small set of state
    parameters
  • Collective Variables: the system is represented by a small set of state variables
43
Q

How can Dynamical Emergent Systems represent entities?

A

Dynamical emergent systems can (but not necessarily do!) represent entities by means of system states or trajectories. These representations are transient and context-dependent.

44
Q

The Role of the Factor Time in Dynamical Emergent Systems

A

In dynamical systems, time is an active factor of computation that co-determines the system behavior

The synchrony between the agent and the environment imposes constraints
on the processing speed of the system

45
Q

Relation to Connectionist Systems of Dynamical Emergent Systems

A
  • Connectionist systems can be dynamical systems (e.g. through recurrent connectivity)
  • Connectionist modeling addresses the microscopic level
46
Q

Learn table at end of lecture

A

Learn table at end of lecture

Z: Cognitive Systems (17 decks)

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