Ch 3&4 Parts of a Research Article

Question 1

Abstract

Answer 1

Brief description of the research article

Theoretical focus, sample characteristics and size, SUMMARIZE key findings, & implications

Question 2

Lit Review

Answer 2

main section that’s purpose is to review relevant and notable literature in a given topic and present a clear argument

Hypotheses and research questions are normally presented at the end

Question 3

Method Section

Answer 3

this provides all the necessary detail that would allow other researchers to replicate the study (needed for INTERSUBJECTIVE nature)

explains type: Survey, experiment, focus group and details of the sample

Question 4

Results Section

Answer 4

answers to any research questions or outcomes of any hypothesis testing are presented

hypothesis is restated, statistical test used is stated, and the outcome of the test is made clear

Question 5

Discussion Section

Answer 5

provides reader with a sense of the implications of the findings in results section, also any limitations and provides future directions

Question 6

Future Directions

Answer 6

often found at the end of discussion section

often can allow for suggestions and leads to valuable follow-up research to expand on knowledge

Question 7

Reference List

Answer 7

provides the roadmap for locating sources that are discussed in the article

(APA and Chicago style)

Question 8

Appendix or Appendices

Answer 8

additional information added here, after the main body (after discussion but before reference list)

(question wording, survey questionnaire)

Question 9

Tables

Answer 9

compact ways to present data of statistical tests (simple grid)

columns and rows are clearly labeled

Question 10

Figures

Answer 10

visual ways that scholars present research to their audience

bar graphs and line graphs

Question 11

Avoid Harm

Answer 11

can be physical, psychological, emotional, or social

Question 12

Tuskegee study

Answer 12

study on the long-term effects of syphilis. Withheld treatments for study participants. Engaged in deception by telling them they were being treated even though they were not

African American men from a low-income community

Question 13

Informed consent

Answer 13

reviewing agencies expect participants to be provided with enough info to make a decision on if they want to take part or not

Question 14

Consent form

Answer 14

1) potential risks/harms 2) the length of the study 3) potential benefits 4) procedure for withdrawal & clarification of no penalty 5) contact info for lead investigator and IRB 6) special circumstances or procedures

Question 15

Voluntary Participation

Answer 15

participants willingly choose to participate in the research without coercion

Question 16

Privacy

Answer 16

identities remain anonymous and the research will maintain confidentiality

participants more likely to answer highly revealing questions more honestly

Question 17

Anonymity

Answer 17

researchers cannot identify participants

Question 18

Confidentiality

Answer 18

no external identification

difference is this only applies when the researcher adjusts how data are reported and discussed

Question 19

History of Ethics

Answer 19

-Milgram Studies (1962-63): Explored obedience to authority.
-Stanford Prison Experiment: Established ethical principles in 1974.
-Belmont Report: Core Ethical

Principles include:
Respect for persons
Beneficence
Justice

Question 20

Confederates

Answer 20

people who pretend to be participants but are actually working with researchers

ex: Milgram study (confederate was “being shocked”)

Question 21

Deception

Answer 21

obscuring or altering information presented to hide true purpose of study

(Milgram study: participants led to believe that they were shocking and causing harm)

Question 22

Debriefing

Answer 22

after study has been concluded researchers can describe the true purpose

(Includes if confederates or other forms of deception were used)

Question 23

Institutional Review

Answer 23

evaluation of ethics carried out by the IRB or the Human Ethics Committee

Question 24

Honesty

Answer 24

provide all details of procedure, present findings, identify limitations, give credit where it is due, and finally present any conflicts of interest

Question 25

Plagiarism

Answer 25

Any use of language or ideas taken from other sources without proper credit

Question 26

Fabrication

Answer 26

invents data for studies that never happened or that didn't happen in the way being reported ex: omit information about an error or likely confound to make their results look stronger, for example. Or to omit a few cases that don't align with their predictions, making the apparent pattern more robust.

Question 27

Recycling Text and Data

Answer 27

so-called self-plagiarism, or the reuse of previously presented text or data generated by the author without explicit credit.