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Biology > CH. 3 Biological Building Blocks > Flashcards

CH. 3 Biological Building Blocks Flashcards

1
Q

What is ORGANIC chemistry?

A

study of compounds that contain carbon.

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2
Q

Name the 4 main types of biological molecules that are carbon-based.

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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3
Q

How many total electrons does carbon have?

A

6 but can hold up to 8 when sharing with CHON’s

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4
Q

How many electrons are required for it to complete its Valence Shell

A

8

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5
Q

what type of bonds can carbon form????

A

Covalent

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6
Q

With which other atoms does carbon most frequently bond with?

A

CHON

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7
Q

what are the FUNCTIONAL GROUPS?

why are they important?

A 
Amino
Carboxyl 
Hydroxyl
Ketone
Aldehyde
Phosphate

Make up the carbon skeleton and they are involved with the chemical properties.

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8
Q

can you list and draw the four types of functional groups?

A

NOPE

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9
Q

Do you know what types of substances each is associated?

A 
Amino- slightly basic
Carboxyl- Slightly acidic
Hydroxyl-Extremely POLAR
Ketone-Extremely POLAR
Aldehyde-Extremely POLAR
Phosphate- Slightly acidic
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10
Q

How does a MONOMER differ from a POLYMER?

Give examples

A

MONOMER- AMINO ACIDS- building blocks

POLYMER- multiple monomers linked together
PROTEINS

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11
Q

What type of reactions joins monomers

A

Dehydration

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12
Q

What type of reactions break down polymers

A

Hydrolysis

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13
Q

Which is the most abundant group of BIO molecules

A

Carbohydrates

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14
Q

How is the general ratio of a sugar related to the term “Carbohydrate”

A

1:2:1

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15
Q

List Characteristics, functions and examples of
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES

A

MONOSACCHARIDES- Simple sugars
3-7 carbon atoms
energy source for cells

DISACCHARIDES- Double sugars
Dehydration reactions joins two MONOSAC
Covalent bonded- Glycosidic linkage
Sucrose maltose and lactose

POLYSACCHARIDES- Complex sugars- Starches & Cellulose
100-1000’s of simple sugars joined by Glycosidic linkage
energy storage or building material

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16
Q

what is the molecular formula for glucose

A

C6 H12 O6

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17
Q

what type of reaction forms a disaccharide?

A

Glycosidic Linkage- bond moves the water molecules and leaves an Oxygen to two carbons/hydrogens

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18
Q

Name the covalent bond that joins sugar molecules

A

Glycosidic Linkage

19
Q

What is the monomer of a
STARCH?
CELLULOSE?

A

STARCH- Glucose

CELLULOSE- Glucose- the glycosidic linkage differ

20
Q

where is cellulose found in plants?

A

On the outside of the Cell Membrane

21
Q

How does the orientation of glucose monomers vary in starch and cellulose?

A

Starch- ??

Cellulose- They hydroxyl group alternates sides

22
Q

what polysaccharide is important as a source of insoluble fiber in the human diet?

A

Cellulose

23
Q

Mutualistic association between herbivores and the microbes in their guts.

A

Some micro organisms have enzymes to digest cellulose, breaking it down into glucose monomers. Allowing the herbivore to consume cellulose and digest it.

24
Q

3 Types of Lipids
Example
Why each is important

A

FATS- simple fats
Constructed of Glycerol and Fatty acids
One Hydroxyl group can link up to 3 fatty acids
Satur- butter, lard Unsat- plant/fish oils

PHOSPHOLIPIDS- Two fatty acid chains (TAILS)
(HYDROPHOBIC) and a phosphate group (HEAD) attached by glycerol.
Amphipathic- “DOUBLE SIDED”
????

STERIODS- Carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings.
Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone
Makes up an animal cell membrane or Hormones associated with puberty

25
Q

which is the most abundant lipid?

A

Fats

26
Q

How many Dehydration reactions are required to form a simple fat molecule.

A

?????

27
Q

How does the fatty acid chain differ between a SATURATED FAT & Unsaturated???

A

Saturated are tightly packed together. solid

unsaturated- Kink in the fatty acid chain resulting in it being liquid.

28
Q

Which lipid is the main component of plasma (CELL MEMBRANES)

why does it assemble like it does?

A

Phospholipids

Tails are hydrophobic- heads are hydrophilic.

29
Q

Which lipids are Amphipathic?

A

Phospholipids- Double sided

30
Q

What feature do all steroids have in common?

A

Carbon skeletons of 4 rings

31
Q

3 examples of steroids

A

Cholesterol
testosterone
estrogen

32
Q

Which steroid is a component of animal plasma membranes?

which function as a hormone?

A

Cholesterol

testosterone
estrogen

33
Q

What is a MONOMER of protein?

A

Polymers of Amino Acids linked by peptide bonds

34
Q

What are the different functions of proteins?

A

STUCTURE=FUNCTION

Enzymes- selective acceleration of chemical reactions
defense protect against disease
storage- stores amino acids
transport- stansports substances
hormones- coordinations of an organisms activities
receptors-response of a cell chemical stimuli
movement- contractile and motor proteins
structural support- supports

35
Q

List the 4 Levels of protein structures

what type of bond is important in each level?

A

PRIMARY- Amino Acids linked via PEPTIDE BOND

SECONDARY- sections of the polypeptide chains coiled or folded. Held together with HYDROGEN BONDS

TERTIARY- folding of a polypeptide upon itself.
COMBINATION BONDS- ( ionic, hydrogen, covalent, hydrophobic interaction)

QUATERNARY- 2 or more polypeptide chains.
Collogen/Hemoglobin

36
Q

what are some examples of proteins

A

collagen, hemoglobin, amino acids

37
Q

what diseases are the result of abnormal protein structure?

A

Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Mad cow disease, sickle cell disease.

38
Q

what is sickle cell disease and why does it occur?

A

Inherited blood disorder. Results in a single Amino Acid substitution in HEMOGLOBIN

39
Q

what is DENATURATION?

A

Protein changing shape or unfolding as the environment is altered (PH-TEMP-SALT CONCENTRATION) making it inactive.

40
Q

what is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

A

NUCLEOTIDES…. 5 carbon sugar
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base

41
Q

what 3 parts compose a nucleotide?

A

5 Carbon Sugars
1 Phosphate Group
1 Nitrogenous base

42
Q

PYRIMIDINES vs.

PURINES

A

PY- T,C,U (Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

PU-A,G (Adinine, Guanine)

43
Q

Explain the design of the “DNA ladder”
which molecules form the rungs
which molecules for the side ropes

A

Double helix

A-T
G-C

Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules- hydrogen bonded.

44
Q

How is the RNA nucleotide different from the DNA nucleotide?

A

RNA- Ribose DNA- Deoxyribose

RNA- uses Urasil DNA- Thymine

Biology (4 decks)

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