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Biology > CH. 3 Biological Building Blocks > Flashcards

CH. 3 Biological Building Blocks Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What is ORGANIC chemistry?

A

study of compounds that contain carbon.

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2
Q

Name the 4 main types of biological molecules that are carbon-based.

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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3
Q

How many total electrons does carbon have?

A

6 but can hold up to 8 when sharing with CHON’s

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4
Q

How many electrons are required for it to complete its Valence Shell

A

8

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5
Q

what type of bonds can carbon form????

A

Covalent

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6
Q

With which other atoms does carbon most frequently bond with?

A

CHON

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7
Q

what are the FUNCTIONAL GROUPS?

why are they important?

A 
Amino
Carboxyl 
Hydroxyl
Ketone
Aldehyde
Phosphate

Make up the carbon skeleton and they are involved with the chemical properties.

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8
Q

can you list and draw the four types of functional groups?

A

NOPE

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9
Q

Do you know what types of substances each is associated?

A 
Amino- slightly basic
Carboxyl- Slightly acidic
Hydroxyl-Extremely POLAR
Ketone-Extremely POLAR
Aldehyde-Extremely POLAR
Phosphate- Slightly acidic
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10
Q

How does a MONOMER differ from a POLYMER?

Give examples

A

MONOMER- AMINO ACIDS- building blocks

POLYMER- multiple monomers linked together
PROTEINS

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11
Q

What type of reactions joins monomers

A

Dehydration

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12
Q

What type of reactions break down polymers

A

Hydrolysis

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13
Q

Which is the most abundant group of BIO molecules

A

Carbohydrates

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14
Q

How is the general ratio of a sugar related to the term “Carbohydrate”

A

1:2:1

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15
Q

List Characteristics, functions and examples of
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES

A

MONOSACCHARIDES- Simple sugars
3-7 carbon atoms
energy source for cells

DISACCHARIDES- Double sugars
Dehydration reactions joins two MONOSAC
Covalent bonded- Glycosidic linkage
Sucrose maltose and lactose

POLYSACCHARIDES- Complex sugars- Starches & Cellulose
100-1000’s of simple sugars joined by Glycosidic linkage
energy storage or building material

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16
Q

what is the molecular formula for glucose

A

C6 H12 O6

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17
Q

what type of reaction forms a disaccharide?

A

Glycosidic Linkage- bond moves the water molecules and leaves an Oxygen to two carbons/hydrogens

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18
Q

Name the covalent bond that joins sugar molecules

Study These Flashcards
A

Glycosidic Linkage

19
Q

What is the monomer of a
STARCH?
CELLULOSE?

Study These Flashcards
A

STARCH- Glucose

CELLULOSE- Glucose- the glycosidic linkage differ

20
Q

where is cellulose found in plants?

Study These Flashcards
A

On the outside of the Cell Membrane

21
Q

How does the orientation of glucose monomers vary in starch and cellulose?

Study These Flashcards
A

Starch- ??

Cellulose- They hydroxyl group alternates sides

22
Q

what polysaccharide is important as a source of insoluble fiber in the human diet?

23
Q

Mutualistic association between herbivores and the microbes in their guts.

Study These Flashcards
A

Some micro organisms have enzymes to digest cellulose, breaking it down into glucose monomers. Allowing the herbivore to consume cellulose and digest it.

24
Q

3 Types of Lipids
Example
Why each is important

Study These Flashcards
A

FATS- simple fats
Constructed of Glycerol and Fatty acids
One Hydroxyl group can link up to 3 fatty acids
Satur- butter, lard Unsat- plant/fish oils

PHOSPHOLIPIDS- Two fatty acid chains (TAILS)
(HYDROPHOBIC) and a phosphate group (HEAD) attached by glycerol.
Amphipathic- “DOUBLE SIDED”
????

STERIODS- Carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings.
Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone
Makes up an animal cell membrane or Hormones associated with puberty

25
which is the most abundant lipid?
Fats
26
How many Dehydration reactions are required to form a simple fat molecule.
?????
27
How does the fatty acid chain differ between a SATURATED FAT & Unsaturated???
Saturated are tightly packed together. solid unsaturated- Kink in the fatty acid chain resulting in it being liquid.
28
Which lipid is the main component of plasma (CELL MEMBRANES) why does it assemble like it does?
Phospholipids Tails are hydrophobic- heads are hydrophilic.
29
Which lipids are Amphipathic?
Phospholipids- Double sided
30
What feature do all steroids have in common?
Carbon skeletons of 4 rings
31
3 examples of steroids
Cholesterol testosterone estrogen
32
Which steroid is a component of animal plasma membranes? | which function as a hormone?
Cholesterol testosterone estrogen
33
What is a MONOMER of protein?
Polymers of Amino Acids linked by peptide bonds
34
What are the different functions of proteins?
STUCTURE=FUNCTION Enzymes- selective acceleration of chemical reactions defense protect against disease storage- stores amino acids transport- stansports substances hormones- coordinations of an organisms activities receptors-response of a cell chemical stimuli movement- contractile and motor proteins structural support- supports
35
List the 4 Levels of protein structures | what type of bond is important in each level?
PRIMARY- Amino Acids linked via PEPTIDE BOND SECONDARY- sections of the polypeptide chains coiled or folded. Held together with HYDROGEN BONDS TERTIARY- folding of a polypeptide upon itself. COMBINATION BONDS- ( ionic, hydrogen, covalent, hydrophobic interaction) QUATERNARY- 2 or more polypeptide chains. Collogen/Hemoglobin
36
what are some examples of proteins
collagen, hemoglobin, amino acids
37
what diseases are the result of abnormal protein structure?
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Mad cow disease, sickle cell disease.
38
what is sickle cell disease and why does it occur?
Inherited blood disorder. Results in a single Amino Acid substitution in HEMOGLOBIN
39
what is DENATURATION?
Protein changing shape or unfolding as the environment is altered (PH-TEMP-SALT CONCENTRATION) making it inactive.
40
what is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
NUCLEOTIDES.... 5 carbon sugar a phosphate group a nitrogenous base
41
what 3 parts compose a nucleotide?
5 Carbon Sugars 1 Phosphate Group 1 Nitrogenous base
42
PYRIMIDINES vs. | PURINES
PY- T,C,U (Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil PU-A,G (Adinine, Guanine)
43
Explain the design of the "DNA ladder" which molecules form the rungs which molecules for the side ropes
Double helix A-T G-C Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules- hydrogen bonded.
44
How is the RNA nucleotide different from the DNA nucleotide?
RNA- Ribose DNA- Deoxyribose | RNA- uses Urasil DNA- Thymine

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