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Mental Health Nursing > Ch 3 Biological Implications > Flashcards

Ch 3 Biological Implications Flashcards

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0
Q

Right hemisphere

A

“Creative” affect, behavior, and spatial perception

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1
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Dominant in the most people. Control speech, comprehension, rationality, and logic

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2
Q

Thalamus

A

Integrates all sensory input except smell

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulate the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and regulates appetite & temperature. also, controls the actions of the autonomic nervous system.

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4
Q

Limbic system

A

“Emotional” Brain. Associated with fear and anxiety, anger and aggression, love, joy, and hope, sexuality, and social behavior

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5
Q

Mesencephalon

A

The midbrain. Includes nuclei and fiber tracts. Responsible for the integration of various reflexes, including visual reflexes (turning a way from a dangerous object when it comes into view), auditory reflexes (automatically turning toward a sound that is heard), and righting reflexes (maintaining balance & keeping head right)

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6
Q

Pons

A

Contains cranial nerves V through VIII and centers for respiration and skeletal muscle tone

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7
Q

Medulla

A

Regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration and reflex centers for swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting. Cranial n IX-XII.

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8
Q

Brainstem

A

Medulla, pons and midbrain

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9
Q

Cerebellum

A

Concerned with involuntary movement, such as muscular tone and coordination and the maintenance of posture and equilibrium

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10
Q

Afferent (sensory) neurons

A

Carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS

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11
Q

Efferent (motor) neurons

A

Carry impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the periphery.

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12
Q

Interneurons

A

Make 99% of all n. cells. Serve as pathways between Afferent and efferent neurons. May carry ONLY sensory OR motor impulses. Account in large part for thinking, feeling, learning, language, memory.

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13
Q

The determination of further impulse transmission is accomplished by means of

A

Nuerotransmitters

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14
Q

A decrease in which neurotransmitters have been implicated in depression?

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

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15
Q

Increased levels of ______ have been associated with depression

A

Acetylcholine

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16
Q

Which neurotransmitter(s) are involved in impulse transmission within the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine

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17
Q

Which neurotransmitter(s) are involved in impulse transmission within the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

Acetylcholine functions

A

Acetylcholine is implicated in sleep, arousal, pain perception, the modulation and coordination of movement, and memory acquisition and retention

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19
Q

Possible implications for mental illness for acetylcholine

A

Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s disease. Increased levels of acetylcholine have been associated with depression.

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20
Q

Norepinephrine is associated with which syndrome?

A

Fight or flight syndrome. (Epinephrine also associated)

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21
Q

Norepinephrine functions

A

Norepinephrine may have a role in the regulation of mood, in cognition and perception, in cardiovascular functioning, and in sleep and arousal

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22
Q

Possible implications for mental illness for norepinephrine

A

Decreased levels in depression and increased levels in mania, anxiety states, and schizophrenia

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23
Q

Dopamine functions

A

Dopamine is involved in the regulation of movements and coordination, emotions, voluntary decision making ability, and because of its influence on the pituitary gland, it inhibits the release of prolactin

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24
Possible implications for mental illness for dopamine
Decreased levels of dopamine have been implicated for Parkinson's disease and depression. Increased levels of dopamine are associated with mania and schizophrenia.
25
Serotonin functions
Serotonin may play a role in sleep and arousal, libido, appetite, mood, aggression, and pain perception
26
Possible implications for mental illness for serotonin
Increased levels of serotonin have been implicated in schizophrenia and anxiety states. Decreased levels of serotonin have been associated with depression
27
Histamine function
The exact processes mediated within the CNS are unclear. But histamine does play an allergic and inflammatory reaction.
28
Possible implications for mental illness for histamine
Some data suggests that histamine may play a role in depressive illness
29
Name the cholinergic neurotransmitter associated with psychiatry
Acetylcholine
30
Name the monoamine neurotransmitters associated with psychiatry
Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine
31
Name the amino acid neurotransmitters associated with psychiatry
GABA, glycine, glutamate
32
Name the neuropeptide neurotransmitters associated with psychiatry
Endorphins, Enkephalins, Substance P, Somatostatin
33
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid function
GABA interrupts the progression of the electrical impulse at the synaptic junction, producing a significant slowdown of body activity
34
Possible implications for mental illness for Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Decreased levels of GABA have been implicated in the etiology of anxiety disorders; movement disorders, such as Huntington's disease; and various forms of epilepsy
35
Glycine function
(Inhibitory amino acid) involved in recurrent inhibition of motor neurons within the spinal cord and is possibly involved in the regulation of spinal and brainstem reflexes
36
Possible implications for mental illness for glycine
Decreased levels of glycine have been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain types of spastic disorders. Toxic accumulation glycine in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid can result in glycine encephalopathy
37
Endorphin and Enkephalin function
Pain modulation (natural morphine-like properties)
38
Possible implications for mental illness for endorphins and Enkephalins
Modulation of dopamine activity by opioid peptides may indicate some link to the symptoms of schizophrenia
39
Substance P functions
Regulation of pain (thought to play a role in sensory transmission)
40
Possible implications for mental illness for Substance P
Decrease concentrations have been found in clients with Huntington's disease
41
Somatostatin function
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone. Stimulates dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine. Inhibits norepinephrine, histamine, and glutamate. Also ask as a neuromodulator for serotonin
42
Possible implications for mental illness for somatostatin
High concentrations have been found in clients with Huntington's disease. Low concentrations have been reported in clients with Alzheimer's disease.
43
Huntington's disease neurotransmitters
High levels of somatostatin. Low levels of Substance P. Low levels of GABA. (Acetylcholine may play a role)
44
Sensory neurons for external areas of the body, such as skin, skeletal muscles, and joints, are called _____
Somatic
45
Sensory neurons for receptors in internal organs are called _____
visceral (autonomic nervous system)
46
The autonomic nervous system is divided into
Sympathetic and parasympathetic components
47
What two hormones are found in the posterior pituitary
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone ADH) and oxytocin
48
ADH- vasopressin main function
To conserve body water and maintain normal blood pressure.
49
frontal lobes
control voluntary body movement including speaking, thinking, and judgment. connection to limbic system may allow role in emotional experience: fear, aggressiveness, depression, rage, euphoria, irritability, and apathy
50
parietal lobes
Left side=Language interpretation (L&L). interpret sensations: touch, pain, taste, and body position
51
temporal lobes
upper anterior is concerned with auditory functions. lower part to short term memory. sense of smell connection. connected to limbic= expression of emotions. Left temporal lobe= Language interpretation.
52
What lobes are involved with language interpretation?
Left temporal lobe and left parietal lobe
53
occipital lobe
visual recpetion and interpretation. space/distance
54
oxytocin main function
stimulates contraction of uterus at the end of pregnancy and releases milk from mammary glands. Released in response to stress and during sexual arousal. may stimulate release of ACTH-adrenocortiotropic hormone
55
SSRIs
inhibit reuptake of serotonin. This controls anxiety and obsessions. Reduces depression. SIDE EFFECTS: sexual dysfunction
56
blocking acetylcholine recpetor side effects
dry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision, constipation
57
schizophrenia
enlargement in cerebral ventricular size. temporal lobe decreased. reduced celebellar volume. EXCESS of dopamine dependent nueronal activity. Reduced activity of dopamine antagonists.ELEVATED DOPAMINE.
58
hypothyroidism has been associated with
depression
59
hyperthyroidism has been associated with
acute mania
60
panic disorders have elevated
norepinephrine, TSH and prolactin
61
serotonin may play a role in
OCD
62
alzheimer's has diminished:
norepinephrine, and somatostatin. also corticotropin

Mental Health Nursing (12 decks)

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