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Fire Academy > Ch. 3 - Building Construction (NEW TEST) > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Building Construction (NEW TEST) Flashcards

1
Q

(Type I, Fire Resistive Structures) Structural members are of __________ or __________ materials with sufficient fire resistive ratings to withstand the effects of fire and its spread from story to story.

A

non-combustible limited combustible

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2
Q

(Type I, Fire Resistive Structures) Fire-resistive requirement for structure members is ________ hours depending on the specific structural member.

A

2-4

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3
Q

(Steel Protection) Steel structural columns are protected by one of three means: __________ __________ __________

A

Encasement Membrane Spray on coating

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4
Q

(Type II, Non-combustible) Structural elements have ___________ from fire and its effects. Structural elements _________ to the fire load. Exposed structural elements can ______ rapidly if directly impinged by flames.

A

Little or NO protection Do not add Fail

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5
Q

(Type III, Ordinary Construction) These structures have masonry _____________ that may help control extension of fire to other buildings (control horizontal fire spread).

A

Exterior bearing walls

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6
Q

(Type III, Ordinary Construction) Interior floors, walls, and ceilings are constructed of ________ and other _________ materials.

A

Wood Combustible

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7
Q

(Type III, Ordinary Construction) Floor joists are _________ to prevent exterior (bearing walls) walls from __________ inward when joists are burned through in a fire.

A

Fire cut Collapsing

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8
Q

(Type III, Ordinary Construction) Pre-1950 exterior walls are generally brick and/or block with ___________ connected by bond beams and/or king’s row every ________ course of brick.

A

2 withes 6th or 7th

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9
Q

Common firefighting problems for Type III structures -___________ -___________ Age of structure Voids and plenums Multiple use occupancies

A

Collapse Remodel-renovations Age of structure Voids and plenums Multiple use occupancies

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10
Q

What are the types of Masonry Collapse?

A

90 Degree-Angle Collapse Curtain-Fall Collapse Inward/Outward Collapse

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11
Q

(Type IV, Mill/Heavy Timber) Use solid or laminated wood members of ____________________________ for columns, beams, girders, trusses, arches, floors, and roofs.

A

Great dimension/mass for structural members

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12
Q

(Type IV, Mill/Heavy Timber) Heavy/Mill timber construction is ___________ due to the great mass of its structural elements and their low surface to mass ratio.

A

Long burning

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13
Q

Common firefighting problems with Type IV structures -High Temperatures while burning -Remodel/renovation -____________ -____________

A

Age of building Collapse

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14
Q

What are the three types of Type V construction? -Lightweight/wood frame -Balloon Frame construction _________________

A

Platform Frame Construction

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16
Q

(Type V, Lightweight/wood frame) There are three types of wood frame construction: -Post and beam -_______________ -_______________ -Lodge/Log

A

-Balloon frame -Platform

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17
Q

(Type V, Platform Frame Construction) Characterized by each level being built upon the floor/platform providing an effective ___________.

A

Fire stop

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18
Q

Common firefighting problems with Type V structures: -__________ -__________ -All structural elements add to the fire load -Void spaces -Fascias/Overhangs -Wood frame structures are often referred to as 20-minute structures

A

Collapse Rapid burn times

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19
Q

(Common firefighting problems with Type V structures) Wood frame structures are often referred to as 20-minute structures: “TJI” joist systems will often fail in _______ or less when directly impinged by flames.

A

3 minutes

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20
Q

(Common firefighting problems with Type V structures) Wood frame structures are often referred to as 20-minute structures: Lightweight wood and open web trusses often fail in __________ or less when directly impinged by flames.

A

5 minutes

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21
Q

(Modern Construction Types) While once used and moderately identifiable, the 5 classic construction types have given way to a hodgepodge of mixed construction styles. Modern construction principles are based on time and money rather than fire and/or life safety. While time to completion on modern buildings decreases and geometry/physics replaces mass to keep costs down, firefighters are losing one of their most valuable fireground assets, _____________.

A

TIME

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22
Q

Modern building construction can now be broken down into 2 categories:

A

Conventional Lightweight

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23
Q

(Conventional - can be used in all the classic types of construction) Load bearing characteristics based on ______ and ________ of structural members.

A

Size Quantity

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24
Q

(Conventional - can be used in all the classic types of construction) The larger a structural member is, the _____________ it is.

A

Stronger

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25
Q

(Conventional - can be used in all the classic types of construction) Each structural member’s strength is _______________ of each other member’s individual characteristics.

A

Independent

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26
Q

(Conventional - can be used in all the classic types of construction) Standard size of floor/roof support members: __________________

A

2x6” or greater

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27
Q

(Lightweight, can also be used in all the types of construction) Load bearing characteristics are based on ___________ rather than size.

A

Geometry/Physics

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28
Q

(Lightweight, can also be used in all the types of construction) Each member is ___________ on others for strengths.

A

Dependent

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29
Q

(Lightweight, can also be used in all the types of construction) Standard size of floor/roof support members: -_________________ -With 3/8” O.S.B. used as stems/webs

A

2x3 or 2x4”

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30
Q

What is an important aspect to understand about construction?

A

Mechanics of Construction

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31
Q

What type of load is applied?

A

Pic

32
Q

(Wall Bearing Structures) Non-bearing/Partition Walls: Act to divide areas or rooms into smaller areas. Walls travel between floor and ceiling only These walls do not carry any ____________ and do not restrict horizontal fire travel _____________ the ceiling.

A

Loads Above

33
Q

(Non-bearing/Partition Walls) Division Walls: Travel through ceilings and project above the roof __________. Wall is constructed of heavier materials than a party or partition wall and is an excellent fire barrier.

A

18-24”

34
Q

(Non-bearing/Partition Walls) Party Walls: Normally used to______________ one occupancy from another in condominiums, townhouses, and twin homes

A

Separate

35
Q

What are the two types of party wall?

A

Adjoining Walls Offset Walls

36
Q

(Party Walls) Adjoining Walls: Tend to confine fire between the studs, thus limiting ______________ fire spread. Offset Walls: Walls are often separated by several inches and the studs are _______. Fire can extend ________ and ________ between the walls due to the space between walls and the staggering of the studs.

A

Horizontal Staggered Horizontally Vertically

37
Q

(Common Building Materials, Steel) Steel is a mixture of carbon and iron ore heated and rolled into structural shapes that have excellent _________ and _________ strengths.

A

Tension Compressive

38
Q

(Common Building Materials, Steel) Most steel __________ of its designed strength at temperatures of ___________.

A

Loses 50-55% 800-1100 degrees F

39
Q

(Common Building Materials, Steel) As temperatures rise, steel members will _______________.

A

Expand or elongate

40
Q

(Common Building Materials, Steel) Steel will expand _____ for every ________ at ___________.

A

1” 10’ of length 1000° F

41
Q

(Common Building Materials, Steel) Steel is a great heat ___________.

A

conductor

42
Q

(Key factors in Fire Performance of Steel) Loading conditions: -__________ changes -Environmental loads (High winds, excessive rain or snow) -__________ loads

A

Occupancy changes Undesigned loads

43
Q

(Key factors in Fire Performance of Steel) Connections: -Welding -___________ -___________ -High-strength bolting

A

Riveting Ordinary bolting

44
Q

(Key factors in Fire Performance of Steel) Fire Protection Methods: _______: Steel is surrounded by metal lath, plaster, concrete, gypsum, or drywall. _______: Suspended ceilings _______: Cementatious mixtures, mastic, or fiber spray

A

Encasement Membrane Spray-on coating

45
Q

(Concrete) Concrete is often used as fire resistive protection for structural steel due to its ___________.

A

Density and mass

46
Q

(Concrete) All concrete contains _________ and continues to absorb more as it ages.

A

Moisture

47
Q

(Concrete) Spalling is a direct effect of __________ inside concrete due to increased heat.

A

Expanding moisture

48
Q

(Concrete) Unlike steel, concrete is a __________, which means that it tends to absorb and contain heat rather than conduct it.

A

Heat sink

49
Q

(Key factors in the Fire Performance of Concrete) Loading conditions: This is especially important when new. Concrete gains in __________ for the first several weeks

A

Strength

50
Q

(Key factors in the Fire Performance of Concrete) Type of reinforcement: Pre-stressed tendons fail early and are a particular hazard when ________________.

A

Tension is released

51
Q

(Key factors in the Fire Performance of Concrete) Amount of concrete: Mass _________ fire resistance.

A

Increases

52
Q

(Key factors in the Fire Performance of Concrete) Connections: When connected with __________ connectors, the connectors may fail long before the concrete.

A

External

53
Q

(Masonry) It may be used as either a ________ or as a ____________ wall.

A

Veneer Load-bearing

54
Q

(Masonry) The weakest part of any masonry wall is the _________.

A

Mortar

55
Q

(Wood) Wood ______, in which case the structure of the building is also part of the fire load. Wood is the __________ building material used today.

A

Burns Most common

56
Q

(Key Factors in the Fire Performance of Wood) Age: New wood has a _______ moisture content that’s older wood and is not as ________.

A

Higher Strong

57
Q

(Key Factors in the Fire Performance of Wood) Position: Vertical vs. Horizontal, direction of the ______.

A

Grain

58
Q

Structural Element Names ________: a vertical support member ________: a horizontal support member ________: a rigid frame using geometry to gain strength ________: a framing member that supports floors or roofs

A

Column Beam Truss Joist

59
Q

(Variables of Structural Elements in Fire Stability) Two types of column connections: ___________ (most secure) ___________ (moderately secure)

A

Bolted (most secure) Nailed/Screwed (moderately secure)

60
Q

(Variables of Structural Elements in Fire Stability) Beam: Supports -Simple end supports -Continuous supports -__________ -__________ -__________

A

Cantilevered Propped Fixed

61
Q

(Variables of Structural Elements in Fire Stability) Truss: -_____________ -Surface to mass ratio -Geometry -_________

A

Interdependency Physics

62
Q

(Variables of Structural Elements in Fire Stability) Arch: -Loading -Ends -_____________ (Often the arches weakest point)

A

Connection points

63
Q

(Roof Construction) Benefits of conventional construction: -____________ -Strength patterns (see roofs handout) -Predictable failure patterns -____________ -____________

A

Burn time Fails in sections rather than entirety TIME

64
Q

(Roof Construction) Benefits of lightweight roofs: -__________ -__________ -__________

A

Cost Time to build Ability to span great distances

65
Q

Hazards of lightweight roofs: -__________ size of structural members -Metal gusset plates/connectors _________. -Geometry replacing mass -__________ -__________ -Often fail in entirety rather that in sections -Surface to mass ratio -__________ without warning

A

Decreased 3/8” penetration DECREASED TIME Unpredictable Collapse

66
Q

Basic roof styles: Two types of: Arch ________ ________

A

Bowstring Arched Truss

67
Q

Roof Decking Materials: _________ _________ _________ _________ _________

A

Plywood OSB/Particleboard Metal Concrete Space sheathing

68
Q

Roof Covering Materials: -__________ -__________ -__________ -Rolled roofing (asphalt, tar paper) -Slate, tile, concrete -Rubber -__________ -__________

A

Shingles Built up tar and gravel Membrane Metal Other

69
Q

A collapse in a lightweight building can happen completely without _________.

A

Warning

70
Q

To avoid being trapped in collapse conditions work within the buildings safer zones: -___________________ -Along substantial exterior/interior walls -Away from _______________. -Close to ________ in bearing/exterior walls. -At distances ________ farther away from the building than the buildings tallest wall.

A

Corners of buildings Fascias and overhangs Doorways 1 1/2 to 2 times

71
Q

Building hazards with structures on fire: Collapse -Contractor _________________ -__________________

A

Mistakes or short cuts Lightweight construction

72
Q

(Type V, Balloon Frame construction) Characterized by its ______________ channels that run from foundation to the roof square. Found in abundance in the Avenues of Salt Lake City.

A

Vertically uninterrupted

73
Q

(Building Hazards Associated with Structures on Fire) -Occupancy -Collapse -LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION -Unknown design errors -Contractor ____________ -Changes in occupancy -__________________

A

-Contractor mistakes or short cuts -Lightweight construction

74
Q

What type of load is applied?

A

Fire Academy (14 decks)

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