Ch 3: Cellular Environment

Question 1

2 main ECF components

Answer 1

1. Interstitial fluid
2. Intravascular fluid

Question 2

Filtration

Answer 2

Fluid moves out of capillary into interstitial space

Question 3

Reabsorption

Answer 3

Fluid moves back into capillary from interstitial space

Question 4

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)

Answer 4

Facilitates outward movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space

Question 5

Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure

Answer 5

Osmotically attracts water from interstitial space back into capillary

Question 6

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Answer 6

Facilitates inward movement of water from interstitial space into capillary

Question 7

Interstitial on comic pressure

Answer 7

Osmotically attracts water from the capillary into interstitial space

Question 8

Net filtration

Answer 8

Movement of fluid back and forth across capillary wall; described by starting hypothesis

Question 9

Net filtration equals

Answer 9

Forces favoring filtration minus forces opposing filtration

Question 10

What forces favor filtration

Answer 10

Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial onCotic pressure

Question 11

Forces opposing filtration

Answer 11

Capillary oncotic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Question 12

Why does oncotic pressure remain fairly constant

Answer 12

Because plasma proteins normally don’t cross capillary membrane

Question 13

At arterial end of capillary, what pressure is greater

Answer 13

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 14

What pressure is greater@ venous end of capillary

Answer 14

Oncotic pressure

Question 15

Edema

Answer 15

Excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces
A problem of fluid distribution

Question 16

4 most common mechanisms for edema

Answer 16

1. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
3. Increased capillary membrane permeability
4. Lymphatic obstruction

Question 17

Cause of decreased plague oncotic pressure

Answer 17

Losses or diminished production of plasma albumin

Question 18

Cause of increased capillary permeability

Answer 18

Inflammation & immune response

Question 19

Cause of lymphatic obstruction

Answer 19

Blocked lymphatic channels because of infection or tumor

Question 20

Aldosterone

Answer 20

Mineralcorticord(sterord)
From adrenal cortex
End-product of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system

Question 21

Euvolemic hypernatremia

Answer 21

Loss of free water with a near normal body Sodom concentrator

Question 22

Hypervolemic hypernatremia

Answer 22

Increased total body water and greater increase in total body for drum level

Question 23

Hyponatremia

Answer 23

Serum sodium concentration loss them 135 mEq/L

Question 24

Hyporolemic hyponatreurs

Answer 24

Loss of total body fluid, and greater loss of body sodium than water

Question 25

Euvolemic hyponatremia

Answer 25

Loss of sodium without significant loss of water

Question 26

Dilutional hypotonic hyponatremia (water intoxication)

Answer 26

In take of large amounts of free water or replacement or fluid loss w/iv 5% dextrose in water

Question 27

Hypervolemic hyponatremia

Answer 27

Both total body water and sodium levels are increased (but water increases more )

Question 28

Hypertonic hyponatiemin

Answer 28

Shift of water from ICF to ECF

Question 29

Hypochloremia

Answer 29

Low level of serum chloride Less than 97 mEq/L

Question 30

Hypokalemia

Answer 30

Potassium deficiency Less than 3.5 mEq/L

Question 31

Hyperkalemia

Answer 31

Elevation of ECF potassium concentration greater than 5.0 mEq/L

Question 32

Hypocalcemia

Answer 32

Total calcium concentration ingerum is less than 9.0 mg/dL & ionized levels are legs then 5.5 mg/dL

Question 33

Hypophosphatemia

Answer 33

Serum phosphate level less them 2.0mg/dl, indicative of phosphate deficiency

Question 34

Hyper phosphatemia

Answer 34

Elevated serum phosphate level of more than 4.7mg/dl

Question 35

Hypomagnesmia

Answer 35

Serum magnesium concentration is less than 1.5mEq/L

Question 36

Hypermagnesmia

Answer 36

Magnesium concentration is greater than 3.0 mEq/L Rave, usually caused by renal failure

Question 37

pH

Answer 37

Hydrogen ion concentration

Question 38

pH less than 7.4 is

Answer 38

Acidic

Question 39

Volatile body acids

Answer 39

Respiratory acids eliminated as Carbon dioxide gas

Question 40

Nonvolatile body acids

Answer 40

Metabolic acids eliminated by the kidney or metabolized by the liver

Question 41

Buffers

Answer 41

Absorb excess H+ (acid) or hydroxyl ion (OH-) (base) to minimize fluctuations in pH

Question 42

Buffer pairs

Answer 42

Weak acid & conjugate babe

Question 43

pK value

Answer 43

pH at which a buffer pair is half dissociated Rate constant for the chemical reaction

Question 44

Henderson-hasselbalch equation

Answer 44

pH = pK + log [HCO3-]/[H2CO3-]

Question 45

pH =

Answer 45

1. Acid / base 2. Renal regulation (slow) /pulmonary regulation (fast) 3. Metabolic acid-base function/ respiratory acid-base function

Question 46

Compensation

Answer 46

REnal & respiratory adjustments to primary changes in pH

Question 47

Correction

Answer 47

When values for both components of the buffer pair ratio return to normal

Question 48

Proteins buffer what & where

Answer 48

H ions inside cells

Question 49

Respiratory & renal buffering

Answer 49

Regulate acid-base balance by controlling rate of ventilation when there is metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

Question 50

Acidemia

Answer 50

pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35

Question 51

Acidosis

Answer 51

Systemic increase in hydrogen ion concentration or a loss of a base

Question 52

Alkalemia

Answer 52

State in which pH of arterial blood is greater than 7.45

Question 53

Alkalos's

Answer 53

Systemic decrease in hydrogen ion concentration or an excess of base

Question 54

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 54

Concentration of non-carbonic acids increases or bicarbonate (base) is lost from the extracellular fluid or cannot be regenerated by the kidney

Question 55

Renal failure

Answer 55

Failure to excrete acid

Question 56

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 56

Excess production of keto acids from lack of insulin

Question 57

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 57

When bicarbonate concentration is increased

Question 58

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 58

When alveolar hypoventilation

Question 59

Hypercapnia

Answer 59

Carbon dioxide excess in the blood

Question 60

Hypocapnia

Answer 60

Decreased concentration of plasma carbon dioxide

Question 61

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 61

Alveolar hyperventilation and hypocaphia

Question 62

Mixed acid-base disorders

Answer 62

For more primary acid-base disorders occurring at the same time