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Gen Bio I > Ch 3 - Ch 5 Concepts > Flashcards

Ch 3 - Ch 5 Concepts Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

4 classes of biological molecules

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

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2
Q

2 sugar classifications based on location of carbonyl group

A

Aldose - carbonyl is terminal
Ketose - carbonyl is internal

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3
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 sugars linked by glycosidic linkage

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4
Q

Polysaccharides

A

storage and structural
determined by its sugar monomers and position of glycosidic linkages

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5
Q

Starch

A

Plant storage
surplus in granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
alpha glucose

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6
Q

Glycogen

A

storage in animals
liver and muscle cells

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7
Q

Cellulose

A

plant wall
polymer of glucose
beta glucose

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8
Q

Chitin

A

structural polysaccharide
exoskeleton of arthropods
structural support for cell walls of many fungi and bacterial spores

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9
Q

Lipids

A

do not form polymers
hydrophobic
non-polar covalent bonds

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10
Q

Lipids (types)

A

fats
phospholipids
steroids

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11
Q

Fats

A

constructed of glycerol and fatty acids
major function is energy storage

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12
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

maximum # of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
solid at room temp
most animal fats

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13
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

have one or more double bonds
liquid at room temp
usually plant fats and fish fats unsaturated

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14
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
creates partial saturated and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds

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15
Q

Phospholipid

A

2 fatty acids (tail) and a phosphate group (head)

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16
Q

Cholesterol

A

a steroid
component in animal cell membranes

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17
Q

Steroids

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

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18
Q

Proteins (% mass of most cells?)

A

account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells

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19
Q

Proteins (functions

A
  • structural support (keratin, collagen, elastin)
  • storage (store amino acids - ovalbumin, casein)
  • transport (hemoglobin, cytochromes)
  • cellular communications (receptors and ligands)
  • movement (Actin and myosin)
  • defense against foreign substances (antibodies)
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20
Q

Enzymes

A

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed

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21
Q

Metabolism

A

all chemical reactions occurring in the body

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22
Q

Polypeptides

A

polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
a protein consists of one or more polypeptides

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23
Q

Amino acids

A

organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
differ in their properties due to differing side chains, R-groups
linked by peptide bonds

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24
Q

Functional protein

A

consists of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape

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25
4 Levels of Protein Structure
primary - sequence of amino acids (genetically inherited info) secondary - found in most, coils and folds (alpha helix, beta pleated sheet) tertiary - determined by R-groups interactions (all the bonds; disulfide bridges may reinforce) quaternary - results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
26
Collagen
fibrinous protein consisting of 3 polypeptides coiled like a rope (ex of quat structure)
27
Hemoglobin
globular protein consisting of 4 polypeptides: 2 alpha and 2 beta chains (ex of quat structure)
28
Sickle-cell disease
single amino acid substitution (Gluy to Val) in hemoglobin glutamic acid is neg and valine is neutral, changes shape of molecule
29
X-ray Crystallography
used to determine a protein's structure
30
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
another method to determine protein structure that does not require protein crystallization uses magnetic properties
31
Types of Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
32
DNA
provides instructions for its own replication directs synthesis of mRNA mRNA goes on to control protein synthesis (in ribosomes)
33
Nucleic acids
polymers called polynucleotides made of nucleotides (monomer)
34
Nucleotide
nitrogenous base (G, A, T, or C), pentose sugar, and a phosphate group portion of the nucleotide without the phosphate group is called a nucleoside
35
Pure As Gold
Purine Adenine Guanine 2 n's = 2 rings
36
Double Helix
Watson and Cric in 1953 reinterpreted Roselyn Franklyn's data proved Pauling wrong
37
Nitrogenous Bases
Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil), have a single six-membered ring Purines (adenine and guanine), have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
38
Nucleotide
nucleoside + phosphate group
39
Polynucleotide
nucleotide polymers linked together linked by OH- group on the 3 prime carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5 prim carbon on the next
40
DNA molecule
has 2 polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis forming a double helix antiparallel
41
Cell theory
All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
42
Cell structure
correlated to cell function
43
Light Microscope
can magnify 1, 000 times the size of the actual specimen image is upside down and backward
44
Cell fractionation
enables scientists to determine the functions of organelles separates by size and density
45
All cells basic features
- plasma membrane - semi-fluid substance called cytosol - chromosomes - ribosomes
46
Prokaryotic cells
- no nucleus - DNA in unboud region (nucleoid) - No membrane-bound organelles - cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
47
Eukaryotic cells
- DNA nucleus bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope - membrane-bound organelles - cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
48
In animals but not plant cells
lysosomes, centrosomes, and flagella (except for plant sperm)
49
In plant but not animal cells
chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata
50
Mitochondrial DNA
contains 37 genes 12 provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation
51
Nuclear lamina
made of intermediate filaments has pores
52
Nucleus
DNA and proteins form chromatin (genetic material) chromatin condense during mitosis to make chromosomes, located in the nuclear matric
53
Nucleolus
located within the nucleus site of ribosomal and transfer RNA synthesis
54
Ribosomes
particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein - free ribosomes - in the cytosol, make proteins that will function in the cytosol - bound ribosomes - on the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope, make proteins that are exported or included in the cell's membranes
55
Components of the endomembrane system
1. nuclear envelope 2. endoplasmic reticulum 3. golgi apparatus 4. lysosomes 5. vacuoles 6. plasma membrane connected via transfer by vesicles
56
Endoplasmic reticulum
accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells continuous with the nuclear envelope - smooth ER, lacks ribosomes - rough ER, ribosomes studding surface
57
Smooth ER
synthesizes lipids including steroids metabolizes carbohydrates (gluconeogenesis - glycogen into glucose) detoxifies drugs and poisons (in liver) stores calcium (trigger mm contraction)
58
Rough ER
bound ribosomes, secrete glycoproteins (important integral membrane proteins) distribute transport vesicles membrane factory for the cell
59
Lysosome
sac of hydrolytic enzymes, can digest macromolecules
60
Mitochondria
site of cellular respiration, ATP production have double membrane have proteins made by free ribosomes within the organelles themselves contain their own DNA smoother outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae (intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix) some metabolic steps of cell respiration in matrix cristae present large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP
61
Chloroplast
a plastid thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum stroma, internal fluid of a chloroplast
62
Microtubules
thickest of the 3 made of tubulin - cell motility (cilia and flagella) (dynein) - chromosome movements in cell division (centrosome, mitotic spindle) - organelle movements
63
Microfilaments
Actin filaments (2 intertwined) - changes cell shape - mm contraction (myosin and actin) - cytoplasmic streaming - cell motility (ameboid) (also actin and myosin, pseudopodia) - cell division (cleavage furrows during cytokinesis)
64
Intermediate filaments
fibrous proteins supercoiled into cables made of keratin family subunit - anchorage of nucleus and other organelles - formation of nuclear lamina
65
Cell Wall
extracellular structure made of cellulose embedded in other polysaccharides and protein
66
Extracellular Matric (ECM)
made of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins (signaling from ECM to cytoskeleton)
67
Intercellular junctions
- Plasmodesmata - Tight junctions - Desmosomes - Gap junctions
68
Plasmodesmata
plants only channels that perforate cell walls
69
Tight junctions
prevent leakage of extracellular fluide
70
Desmosomes
Anchoring junctions
71
Gap junctions
cytoplasmic channels (hormone signaling)
72
Phospholipid Bilayer
Gorter & Grendel, 1925
73
Sandwich model
Davson and Danielli, 1935 sandwich
74
Fluid Mosaic
Singer and Nicolson, 1972
75

Gen Bio I (4 decks)

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