Ch 3 Craniata

Question 1

Chordates with a braincase.

Answer 1

Craniata

Question 2

Craniates with a backbone.

Answer 2

Vertebrata

Question 3

Vertebrates with jaws.

Answer 3

Gnathostomata

Question 4

Gnathostomata with lungs.

Answer 4

Osteichthyes

Question 5

Osteichthyans with muscular lobe fins.

Answer 5

Sarcopterygii

Question 6

Sarcopterygians with folded teeth.

Answer 6

Rhipidistia

Question 7

Rhipidistians with dactylous limbs (fingers and toes)

Answer 7

Tetrapoda

Question 8

Tetrapods with four digits in the hand (reduced from five).

Answer 8

Amphibia

Question 9

Tetrapods with amniotic eggs.

Answer 9

Amniota

Question 10

Amniotes with single centrale bone in the ankle.

Answer 10

Sauropsida

Question 11

Sauropsids with two temporal fenestrae.

Answer 11

Diapsida

Question 12

Diapsids with forwardly directed feet.

Answer 12

Archosauria

Question 13

Lower temporal fenestra only, three middle ear bones.

Answer 13

Mammalia

Question 14

Mammals that give birth to live young.

Answer 14

Theria

Question 15

Synapomorphies of Craniata

Answer 15

1. Neural crest.
2. Neurogenic placodes.
3. Braincase.
4. Complex sense organs.
5. Cranial nerves.
6. Tripartite brain.
7. Complex endocrine system.
8. Muscularization of the gut wall.
9. Differentiated digestive organs and regionalization along gut tube.
10. Gills.
11. Heart.
12. Hemoglobin.