Ch. 3 Genetics and Heredity

Question 1

Mendelian Inheritance (the experiment for simple inheritance

Answer 1

He allowed pea plants of a given variety to produce by self-fertilization

Explanation: he created this experiment to see how the traits were passed down to generations

Question 2

Chromosomes

Answer 2

Strands of DNA containing thousands of genes

Explanation: They pass down the DNA from parents to offspring.

Question 3

Somatic cells

Answer 3

The somatic cells are any cells besides the sex cells

Question 4

Recombination

Answer 4

Recombination is the rearrangement of genetic material (genetic variation)

Question 5

Crossing over

Answer 5

Crossing over is when homologous chromosomes (same genes from different parent) partially wrap around each other and exchange parts resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

Question 6

Mitosis

Answer 6

production of identical body cells (adult cells) for example. Skin, kidney, heart, muscle, etc. the repair after surgery.

Explanation: mitosis is the repair of body cells after surgery or accident

Question 7

Meiosis

Answer 7

meiosis is the cell division that produces sex cells (gametes)

Question 8

Chromosomal mistakes

Answer 8

Part of an individual chromosome is missing, extra, switched, or turned upside down.

Explanation: these are accidents that may happen in the beginning stages of the fetus.
Ex. Trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
-problems
Intellectual disability
Mental disability
Thyroid and heart disease
Distinct facial appearance
47 chromosomes because there is an extra one.

Question 9

Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) (Bones)

Answer 9

Circular DNA molecule: 16,569 base pairs in length (37 coding genes) small genome. found inside cellular organelles called mitochondria

Question 10

Nitrogenous Bases

Answer 10

The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C).

Question 11

Proteins

Answer 11

large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body

Question 12

Amino acids

Answer 12

The amino acids are molecules that are linked in a chain to form proteins

Question 13

Protein Synthesis (mRNA)

Answer 13

The creation of proteins by cells that use DNA, RNA, and various enzymes.

Question 14

Genotype

Answer 14

Genotype is the genetic makeup

Question 15

Heritability

Answer 15

the proportion of the total variation in a trait
that is attributed to genetic variation

Question 16

Phenotype

Answer 16

The phenotype is the physical traits

Question 17

Punnett square (what is it? and be able to use it)

Answer 17

A table in which all of the possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals with known genotypes are given

Question 18

Regulatory Genes

Answer 18

A gene that regulates the expression of various structural genes by controlling the production of proteins.

Question 19

Lactose Intolerance

Answer 19

After breast feeding period ends and the child does not consume dairy the enzyme is turned off (what is not needed in biology is depleted)

Question 20

Co-dominance

Answer 20

Co-dominance is a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual

Question 21

Recessive

Answer 21

Recessive is a trait that is expressed only when genotype is homozygous. (both parents have the same trait but is recessive.

Question 22

Blood groups

Answer 22

Any of the various types of human blood whose antigen characteristics determine compatibility in transfusion. The best-known blood groups are those of the ABO system

Question 23

Locus

Answer 23

Location of a gene on the chromosome
(loci [plural] several genes on a chromosome)
Genetics and Heredity

Question 24

ABO

Answer 24

Classification of human blood based on the red blood cells as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells.

Antigens: proteins on surface of cell—identifies the cell;
foreign antigens can cause an immune reaction

Antibodies (immunoglobulins): important cells in the immune
system—they bind to foreign antigen

Question 25

Rhesus

Answer 25

The Rhesus factor is a certain type of protein found on the outside of red blood cells. People are either Rh-positive (they have the protein) or Rh-negative (they don't have the protein) positive and negative thing by the blood type and if mother and baby not compatible the mother antibody 's will attack baby

Question 26

Homozygote

Answer 26

An individual having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes and so breeding true for the corresponding characteristic.

Question 27

Heterozygote

Answer 27

An individual having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes, and so giving rise to varying offspring.

Question 28

CCR5Δ32 and disease resistance (what is the importance?)

Answer 28

-CCR5Δ32= 32 base pair mutation and the receptor site is changed; HIV cannot bind with cell -helped to prove evolution, originated from small pox -individuals cannot contract AIDS

Question 29

Gene expression

Answer 29

The process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

Question 30

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (p2 + 2pq + q2) (explain Hardy-Weinberg) be able to calculate allele frequencies; count the number of alleles; observed and expected frequencies.

Answer 30

The allele frequencies in a population are stable and remain constant from one generation to another.

Question 31

Sex cells

Answer 31

The sex cells have part of both parents DNA to create a new being

Question 32

Why he chose pea plants

Answer 32

pea plants are small and easy to grow and have short generation time plus flowers of peas contain male and female sex organs -large number of true-breeding varieties

Question 33

Dominance

Answer 33

trait is always expressed

Question 34

Recessive

Answer 34

trait is never expressed, except in certain conditions

Question 35

Mendel's law of segregation

Answer 35

every trait has two discrete particles one inherited from the mother and one from the father

Question 36

Mendel's law of independent assortment

Answer 36

the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of other traits

Question 37

Modern synthesis

Answer 37

merging Darwinian selection with Mendelian Genetics

Question 38

Darwinian selection

Answer 38

Darwinian selection explains how complex traits interact with the environment

Question 39

Mendelian genetics

Answer 39

explain the underlying mechanism of how simple traits (at a single locus) are inherited

Question 40

Mitochondria

Answer 40

in the cytoplasm of cell; provides energy for cell functions

Question 41

Maternal mtDNA

Answer 41

a clone of mother’s mtDNA is inherited, and then passed on by the female in adulthood

Question 42

Homoplasmic

Answer 42

identical in every cell

Question 43

Nuclear DNA (nDNA)

Answer 43

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure: double helix bases: adenine-Thymine (A-T) and Guanine-Cytosine (G-C) both of the bases are always together

Question 44

Gene expression

Answer 44

Identical or similar genes in different organisms are expressed at different times, in different tissues, in different combinations, and in different amounts.

Question 45

Chromosomes humans have

Answer 45

46 chromosomes (23 pairs) gametes: egg=23; sperm=23 autosomes: non sex chromosomes = 22 pairs

Question 46

Structural genes

Answer 46

responsible for body structures, i.e. hair, blood, etc

Question 47

Regulatory genes

Answer 47

regulate the function of other genes turning them other genes “on” and “off,” e.g (regulate growth and development)

Question 48

Polygenic (complex) Traits

Answer 48

several genes coding for the same trait or effect e.g., skin color, height, weight, hair form, body shape, behaviors

Question 49

Pleiotropy (complex) traits

Answer 49

a single gene coding two or more traits or effects e.g., size and shape in organisms correlated by a single gene

Question 50

Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)

Answer 50

a receptor site on the T-cell that enables HIV to bind to the T-cell leading to infection.