Ch 3 Inflammatory

Question 1

What are the pathways for entry into the nervous system?

Answer 1

Through choroid plexus, circumventricular organs, peripheral nerves, and axons.

Question 2

What are pattern recognition receptors (TLR) primarily expressed by?

Answer 2

Microglia and astrocytes.

Question 3

What immune cells are recruited during the innate immune response?

Answer 3

• Neutrophils
• Macrophages
• Natural killer cells.

Question 4

Which cells express MHC molecules in the CNS?

Answer 4

Only microglia.

Question 5

What are integrins?

Answer 5

Transmembranous molecules regulating communication between extracellular compartment and cytoplasm.

Question 6

What do adhesion molecules do?

Answer 6

Regulate leukocyte trafficking across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Question 7

What is the role of MMP in the immune response?

Answer 7

Degrade extracellular matrix, disrupting BBB for leukocyte entry.

Question 8

What do chemokines do?

Answer 8

Modify chemotaxis, attracting inflammatory cells to the brain.

Question 9

What are cytokines’ roles in inflammation?

Answer 9

Can promote inflammation or be anti-inflammatory.

Question 10

What is perivascular cuffing?

Answer 10

A morphological aspect of immune response seen in inflammation.

Question 11

What are glial nodules?

Answer 11

Proliferation of glial cells mixed with invading inflammatory cells.

Question 12

What is the primary feature of granulomas?

Answer 12

Accumulation of macrophages and other inflammatory cells.

Question 13

What is the major inflammatory reaction pattern characterized by?

Answer 13

• Perivascular cuffing
• Hemorrhage
• Malacia
• Space-occupying lesions
• Hypercellularity
• Loss of myelin.

Question 14

What characterizes suppurative inflammation?

Answer 14

• Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
• Clouding of meninges
• Abscess formation.

Question 15

What type of inflammation is associated with mononuclear cells?

Answer 15

Nonsuppurative inflammation.

Question 16

What is the cause of eosinophilic inflammation?

Answer 16

Parasitic and fungal infections.

Question 17

What is leukoencephalitis?

Answer 17

Destruction of myelin sheaths while sparing axons.

Question 18

What is vasculitis characterized by?

Answer 18

Infiltration of inflammatory cells within blood vessel wall.

Question 19

What is the primary feature of neurotropic viral infections?

Answer 19

Non-suppurative polioencephalitis/poliomyelitis.

Question 20

What type of virus causes rabies?

Answer 20

Lyssavirus.

Question 21

What are Negri bodies?

Answer 21

Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons of hippocampus and Purkinje cells. Evidence of rabies virus infection

Question 22

What is the primary effect of Aujeszky’s disease (Suid herpes 1, pseudorabies)?

Answer 22

Abortion and mummified fetuses. Encephalitis in young pigs.

Question 23

What is Canine Herpes Virus Encephalitis characterized by?

Answer 23

Necrotizing polioencephalitis of brainstem and cerebellar cortex.

Question 24

What are the arthropod-borne encephalitides (ARBOVIRUSES)?

Answer 24

• West Nile virus
• Western, Venezuelan, Eastern Equine Encephalitis
• Japanese encephalitis.

Question 25

What is the main feature of equine infectious anemia virus?

Answer 25

Periventricular granulomatous inflammation.

Question 26

What is the primary target of feline immunodeficiency virus?

Answer 26

Microglial cells.

Question 27

What type of inflammatory pattern is associated with bacterial infections?

Answer 27

Varying amounts of polymorphonuclear cells. Chronic or intracellular infections can be non-suppurative with perivascular mononuclear cuffing.

Question 28

What is the primary host for Aspergillus infections?

Answer 28

Cattle.

Question 29

What does Cryptococcus neoformans cause?

Answer 29

Marked suppurative meningitis and submeningeal encephalitis.

Question 30

What are the typical lesions associated with Toxoplasmosis?

Answer 30

Perivascular mononuclear cuffing, gliosis, marked capillary proliferation.

Question 31

What is the main characteristic of amoebic infections?

Answer 31

Focal and severe necrotizing pyogranulomatous meningitis/encephalitis.

Question 32

What is Sarcocystis hughesi known for?

Answer 32

More marked in spinal cord ## Footnote It is associated with necrotizing inflammation in gray and white matter.

Question 33

What type of infections does Acanthamoeba cause?

Answer 33

Amoebic infections in sheep and dogs ## Footnote It can lead to focal and severe necrotizing pyogranulomatous meningitis/encephalitis.

Question 34

Which amoeba is associated with cattle and horses?

Answer 34

Naegleria ## Footnote It is known for causing amoebic infections.

Question 35

What is the result of Trypanosomiasis in the brain?

Answer 35

Multifocal hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalitis, particularly in cerebral white matter.

Question 36

What are the characteristics of helminth infections?

Answer 36

Suppurative with variable numbers of eosinophils; chronic lesions may develop a granulomatous component.

Question 37

Name a nematode that can cause verminous encephalitis.

Answer 37

Strongylus sp in the brain of horses.

Question 38

What is a common consequence of migrating parasites in the CNS?

Answer 38

Areas of malacia in white matter ## Footnote This includes swollen axons, various hemorrhage, and vascular proliferation.

Question 39

What condition is caused by Coenurosis?

Answer 39

Circling disease in sheep ## Footnote It is associated with Coenurus cerebralis.

Question 40

How does cerebrospinal cuterebriasis affect the brain?

Answer 40

Extensive brain infarction and multifocal superficial cerebrocortical necrosis.

Question 41

What is SRMA characterized by?

Answer 41

Excessive IgA production and suppurative inflammation of meninges, especially of spinal cord.

Question 42

What breed is commonly affected by eosinophilic meningoencephalitis?

Answer 42

Young male dogs, particularly Golden Retrievers and Rottweilers.

Question 43

What are the three major patterns of granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME)?

Answer 43

* Common disseminated form * Disseminated form with angiocentric expansion * Focal form with single discrete mass lesions

Question 44

What is the primary feature of necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME)?

Answer 44

Asymmetrical, multifocal, bilateral areas of necrosis and collapse of hemispheric gray and white matter.

Question 45

Which breeds are prone to necrotizing encephalitis (NE)?

Answer 45

Yorkshire Terriers, French Bulldogs, Pomeranians.

Question 46

What is a key symptom of meningoencephalitis in Greyhounds?

Answer 46

Diffuse mononuclear encephalitis with severe gliosis.

Question 47

What causes Coonhound paralysis?

Answer 47

Antigens in raccoon saliva elicit an immune response that cross-reacts with PNS components.

Question 48

What is chronic hypertrophic polyneuritis associated with?

Answer 48

Concentric proliferation of Schwann cells (onion bulbs) and chronic mononuclear inflammation.

Question 49

What is the characteristic of sensory polyganglioneuritis?

Answer 49

Severe mononuclear inflammation and axonal degeneration in the dorsal spinal root ganglia.

Question 50

What is polyneuritis equi also known as?

Answer 50

Cauda equina neuritis.

Question 51

What is polymyositis characterized by?

Answer 51

Infiltration of T cells in all muscle tissue and variable tissue destruction.

Question 52

What specific condition affects Hungarian Vizslas?

Answer 52

Masticatory muscle myositis/extraocular myositis.